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Mai'  No.   12.     Map  ok   Nkw    Hki'nsw  uk    in  tmk  1 

liiiliaii   I'niili's  ul"  I  ravel  arc  sli(»v 


ItKI'NSWU  K     IN    Tin;    I'KKMISTOIUC    (InI)IAN)    I'KHKtD. 

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SiecrioN  11, 189'J. 


[213  1 


TinNs.  R.  s.  (' 


in.— /I  Moiv'/raph  of  Historic  Sites  in  the  Province  of  New  lirumwick. 

(Contributions  to  the  History  of  \e\v  nrunswick,  No.  1.) 

Hy  Wii-LiAM  V.  Ganono,  M.A.,  Pli.  I). 

(Presented  l)y  Sir  John  Hourinot,  and  rei\d  May  'Jo,  \TM.) 


C0NTKNT8. 
Intro  iJiUTioN. 

I.-TnK  I'uKiiisniHK   (Inkian)  Pkkioi). 

1.  DisTitiiirrioN  op  thk  Thiiiks. 

2.  Vll.l,A(iKS   AND  CaMI-INU   (JHoL'.NDS. 
:*.    ItoUTKS  OK  TUAVKI.. 

II.— Tin;  Kxpi.oitATioN  I'kkioi). 

I.    ItolTKS  Ol-  CaHTIKK   and  ok  CiI  AM  I'I.AIN. 

III.— The  A(  adian  Pkiuod. 

1.  .Si;i'ri,|.;.\ii..Nr.s  and  Fokt.s. 

-'.   Sl-.KiNIOKIRS. 

IV.— Thk  IvNoMsir  l'i;iuoi). 

1.  SetTI.ICXK.N TS    AND    Ft)RTS. 

2.  ToWN.SHII'S  AND  OTIIKR  GkANT.S. 

v.— TiiK  LovAi.i.sr  i'Kuioi). 

1.  Tin;  Loyalist  (Jkant.s  and  Setti.kment.s. 

2.  Boundakies. 

VI.— The  Po.sT-LovAt.isT  Peiuod. 

1.  Fohts,  SKiXAi.  Stations,  Ktc. 
Appendix.    Sources  of  Infoumation.    Bihlioorapht. 


( 


IJ^TRODUCTION. 

Of  tho  different  phases  of  the  study  of  History,  the  one  that  appeals 
to  the  most  men  is  the  archa-ological.  Especially  is  this  true  for  local 
history,  in  which  a  dozen  persons  may  be  found  givini,'  attention  to 
situations  of  local  events,  genealogy,  etc.,  to  one  who  'cares  for  the 
untangling  of  threads  of  cause  and  effect  in  the  evolution  of  events  or 
institutions.  No  doubt  this  preference  is  due  primarily  to  the  fact  that 
the  former  appeals  most  to  the  imagination,  which  nearly  all  men  like  to 
exercise,  while  the  latter  demands  work  of  the  understanding  which 
fewer  care  for.  Events  in  which  one  can  picture  himself  taking  part 
particularly  those  in  which  heroism,  endurance  and  loyalty  are  demanded' 
are  the  ones  that  men  like  most  to  read  about  and  to  think  upon,  and  the 


b 


214 


liOYAI,  SOCIKTY  01'  CANADA 


viviiltu'rts  !iii(l  |>li'UHuru  an.'  so  much  tlif  i,'roater  wlioii  one  oiin  stund  upon 
the  uxiicl  spot  wliorotlio  ovi-nts  m-currod  iiiul  fcol  liimHi'lf  suiTouiitlcil  liy 
tho  Vfi'y  wiliuissi's,  inauiinutf  llioiit,'li  tlu'V  l)o,  of  tlicso  ovonts.  Tliiri 
foolint,'  Iris  Irhmi  liinjly  oxproHMod  by  Cmwt'onl  when  lie  shvh  : — 'Wo 
have  an  invuluntary  ivvereiice  for  all  witnesses  dC  Ilislory.  lie  they 
animate  or  inaniiniite,  men,  animals  or  stones."  Perhaps,  after  all,  this 
('eelin<^  n\ay  he  hut  a  phase  of  our  still  active  thoiif^h  unconscious 
animism,  a  relic  of  tho  feeling  which  in  primitive  races  peoples  all  fjreat 
olijects  with  conscious  spirits. 

It  has  always  seemed  to  me  that  even  our  greater  writers  of"  history 
have  not,  as  u  rule,  taUen  sutflcient  account  of  this  feeling  in  tho  majority 
of  their  readers.  In  their  treatment  of  local  events  they  are  often 
excusaMy  inaccurate,  or  even  inexcusably  careless,  but  thoy  lose  thereby 
a  "reat  opportunity  to  increase  their  audience  and  infiiience.  .Men  are 
prone  to  judge  the  whole  by  the  part  they  themselves  know,  and  if  a 
reader  discovers  that  the  subjects  he  knows  and  likes  best  are  badly 
treated,  he  is  likely  to  suspect  other  parts,  and  even  to  condemn  tho  whole 
work.  There  is,  however,  groat  excu.se  for  neglect  of  local  archanilogy 
by  histoiians  of  wide  interests,  for  it  is  a  subject  requiring  minute  and 
especially  personal  investigation,  and  this  of  course  thoy  have  not  time 
to  give.  Local  archa'ology  must, in  order  to  be  well  done,  form  a  subject 
for  investigation  by  it.self,  and,  in  ortler  to  inspire  confidence,  must  be 
worked  out  in  the  fullest,  most  comjtrehensivo  and  most  scientific  manner. 
When  this  is  done,  the  general  historian  may  accept  its  results  with  con- 
tidence,  and  make  his  work  locally  accurate  and  complete,  A  compre- 
hensive monographic  study  of  the  subject 'is  likely  also  to  develop  now 
facts,  and  especially  new  connections  of  cause  and  cftect,  and  now  gene- 
ralizations. Moreover,  tho  work  should  be  done  before  tho  events  are 
too  long  past,  and  their  sites  have  had  time  to  bo  ob.scured  by  forgetful- 
ness,  misplaced  by  the  vagaries  of  tradition,  or  hidden  by  topographical 
or  other  changes.  This  kind  of  work  is  not,  I  admit,  as  high  a  grade  of 
historical  study  as  the  investigation  of  tho  origin  of  institutions,  which 
seems  to  bo  tho  highest  aim  of  history,  but  it  supplies  details  for  history 
and  materials  for  making  it  more  real  and  attractive.  It  is  for  history 
much  what  dictionaries  are  for  literature. 

These  observations  sufficiently  explain  tho  objects  of  the  present 
work,  which  arc,  in  brief,  the  locating  of  events  of  New  Brunswick  history 
for  the  use  of  the  many  whom  it  does  and  will  in  the  future  interest,  the 
supplying  of  accurate  and  complete  local  archicological  data  for  the  use 
of  the  general  historian  whose  work  may  deal  with  or  touch  upon  New 
Brunswick,  tho  recovery  of  facts  as  to  earlier  events  before  their  location 
is  for  ever  lost,  and  an  attempt  to  discover,  from  the  grouping  of  the 
known  facts,  new  ones  and  new  principles.  My  ideal  has  boon  to  describe 
ovorj-  place  of  any  importance  to  our  local  histoiy  so  exactly  that  the 


t, 


i>. 


[OANOXU] 


HisroUIC  .SITKS  IN  NKW   HKUNSWICK 


213 


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inteiv.Htod  ivii-loi' may,  with  llu-,,.  (lo.mTi|iliiMi.s  aii<l  iiiaps  in  IkiipI,  loralo 
on  11  iiiodiM'ii  iiia|.,c.r  ijo  in  person  to,  tlic^  oxact  upot. 

Unliko  soiiuM.tlicr  pliasoa  of  lii«tory,  iireha'oloifieal  studios  siu-li  arttlic 
prt'soiit  .slioiiM  1h'  lUKli'i'tiikori  as  soon  as  possildc  after  llic  cv.'nts  liavc 
oci'urivii,  lor  tlioir  L-vidoncc  is  t'oiiiid  not  so  mmdi  in  dociiiMciits  rcasonalily 
HUi-o  of  Ion-;  |.ivs,.fvaiion,  l.iil  in  |uM-isl.aiilo  iii;ilcnals  and  aitonibli-  locali- 
ties.  Wliilo  tlu-sf  .sitos  aiv  still  .l.t.Tniinabk',  t  lu'ivl'orc.  tlioy  should  In- 
hxtMl  (t.r  tin- fiiiiiri',  |>aftly  l)y  uin-urate  maps  siio\vitii,Miii'ii-  rchilion  to 
niii,'hhoiiriny:  ohjcets  I.-.n  liaiilo  to  (diauirr.  an<l  partly  l.y  moniimcnls  or 
othi'i'mumoriuis  ot  iaslin;;  matci-ials.  Tliis  placiiiic  of  tal.lcts  or  stunos, 
suitably  inscrihed.  to  mark  liisioric-ai  sites  yot  well  known  Imt  liable  1(. 
lie  lost  in  the  fiitiii'u,  seems  a  luo  '  appropriate  work  foi-  loeal  iiistorical 
-oeieties.  Tliis  exeelient  eustom  'la.s  been  carried  to  a  veiy  ifratifyini; 
•  K'greu  in  Massaeiiusetis  and  other  parts  of  N«"v  Kntflaiid,  but  as  yet  we 
liavo  done  notiiinij,-  to  mark      .r  important     le.s  in  Now  Mrnnswick. 

The  prineiples  ot'  tl.  ;  invesiii;'  'ion  of  sueh  u  siibjeet  as  tlie  presont 
are  extremely  simple.  First  of  all,  jup  nuist  ijiiard  ii;jjaiiist  preconeeived 
opinions  and  a  desire.  i>ased  ')n  li>(  .il  ])ride,  to  niai,'nity  the  impoitaiieo  of 
some  particular  loealiiy.  Then  he  -uist  supply  himself  with  all  known 
doenmentary  and  carloy;rap!iieal  evidence,  and  visit  tiie  locality,  calling- 
to  aid  all  local  tradition,  a'ld  especially  minutely  e:,aminiiii^  the  i;round, 
e.xcavatini,Mf  necessary.  Xolhiiii,'  in  such  a  study  as  this  can  replace  the 
actual  visit  to  the  locality  and  its  leisurely  inspeciion.  Kvcn  a  siiii^le 
•glance  at  the  spot  and  its  siirroundini.'s  will  often  settle  ([uestions  thai 
inspection  of  ma|i.s  alone  leaves  doubtful.  H  actual  remains  are  visible, 
undoubtedly  tho.so  of  the  fort  or  other  object  sought,  the  student  is 
indeed  fortunate,  ami  his  search  ends.  But  if  no  such  traces  are  visible, 
one  turns  to  tradition,  which,  for  very  recent  events,  especially  those 
within  the  memory  of  men  now  livinj^  or  of  their  fathers,  may  be  c\' 
much  value,  but  which  for  more  distant  events  rapidly  lessens  in  value  ; 
while  for  events  of  several  generations  ago,  particularly  if  the  vicinity 
has  not  been  continuously  occu|)ied,  tradition  is  well-niti'h  VMUieless, 
or  even  worse  than  that,  actually  misleading.  Tradition  dearly  '  ves 
n  sensation,  and  manufactures  it  from  a  small  basis.  It  loves,  too,  an 
e.xplaiuition  of  things  that  are  odd,  and  is  much  influenced  b^'  coinci- 
dences, so  that  it  tends  to  link  any  odd  place  or  object  with  some  past 
striking  event,  and,  once  tixod.  is  so  satisfied  with  itself  that  it  is  beyond 
the  reach  of  reason.  The  ])sychology  of  tradition  would  form  a  curious 
subject  for  investigation.  The  seeker  for  local  sites  must  use  tradition 
rather  for  hints  than  as  evidence.  When  tradition  fails  him,  he  can  only 
fall  back  upon  jjrobabilities  based  on  the  nature  of  the  locality  and  of  the 
event  that  happened  there,  in  which  he  will  be  greatly  aided  by  a  full 
knowledge  of  the  customs  of  the  time.  Forts  are  not  built  in  marshes 
when  there  is  high  land  near,  nor  do  early  settlers  seat  themselves  on 

Sec.  II.,  1899.    15 


I    . 


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216 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


rocky  lands  wIumi  thoro  are  fertile  intervales  near  hy.  Hut  this  arirn- 
ment  from  proliability  must  also  bo  used  with  caution,  for  there  arc 
many  imaginable  causes,  personal,  political  or  other,  which  may,  at  that 
period,  have  outweighed  the  intluences  which  would  determine  us  at  the 
present  time.  It  ]trobability  of  this  kind  fails,  then  one  has  to  take 
documents  or  old  maps  alone,  and  do  the  best  they  allow,  liut  these 
sources  of  evidence  are  by  no  means  ]ierfect,  for  aside  from  the  fact 
that  they  do  not  often  mention  precise  sites,  these  being  supposed  to  be 
either  well  known  or  not  of  sutticient  importance  to  be  especially  men- 
tioned in  documents  whose  object  is  different,  there  is  the  further  fact  that 
they  are  sometimes  misleading  unintentionally  tlirough  reliance  on  errone- 
ous tradition  or  throngh  any  of  the  other[causes  which  mi.slead  us  to-da}'. 
There  is  a  curious  tendency  in  the  minds  of  most  students  to  place  a  reli- 
ance upon  a  very  old  document  that  would  not  be  given  to  one  that  is 
recent,  and  any  fragment,  if  only  old  enough,  is  usually  accepted  as 
almost  unquestionable.  One  may  almost  say  that  in  general  the  older  a 
document  is,  the  more  trust  do  students  put  in  it,  and  the  more  elabor- 
ately will  they  l)uild  theories  upon  it,  whereas  the  same  if  but  few  jears 
old  would  not  receive  notice.  In  such  a  study  as  the  present,  undoubtedly 
the  best  documents  are  detailed  maps  made  at  the  time  on  the  spot  by 
surveyors  or  otticei-s,  espocialh'  if  prepared  to  accompany  ofticial  reports, 
where  there  is  every  inducement  to  truthfulness  and  no  reason  for  fal.se- 
hood.  With  such  maps  one  can  go  to  the  ground  and  by  measurements 
locate  a  spot  where  stood  some  structure  of  which  neither  trace  nor  tradi- 
tion remains.  Cleneral  maps  of  small  scale  are  much  less  trustworthy ; 
for  simply  practical  reasons  connected  with  their  drawing  or  engraving 
may  make  them  locate  places  wrongly,  as,  for  instance,  a  fort  might  be 
placed  on  the  wrong  side  of  a  river  because  there  is  more  space  for  it  and 
its  name  there  than  on  its  proper  side.  In  locating  early  settlements 
after  the  period  of  surveys  there  is  little  diHiculty,  for  records  and  maps 
are  carefully  ])reserved  in  the  official  Laud  Offices,  where  they  are  easily 
accessible,  and  may  readily  bo  compared  with  the  modern  topograiihy. 
Old  plans,  indeed,  often  contain  most  important  hints  upon  our  present 
subject,  for  the  early  surveyors  in  unsettled  districts  naturally  put  all 
available  information  and  marked  all  |)ossible  localities  upon  their  maps. 
Historic  sites  are,  of  cour.sc,  of  all  degrees  of  imi)ortance,  from  those 
of  events  of  world-wide  interest  and  importance  down  to  those  so  local  as 
to  be  not  regarded  by  any  but  the  most  curious  ;  and  in  this  study  it  lias 
been  difficult  to  draw  a  line  between  those  to  be  included  and  those  to  bo 
omitted.  I  have  tried  to  err  rather  upon  the  side  of  including  too  much, 
but  I  hope  the  reader  will  not  find  much  that  is  too  trivial.  Lengthy  as 
this  study  appeal's,  however,  it  is  so  far  from  exhausting  its  subject  from 
a  local  point  of  view,  that  it  is  to  be  regarded  rather  as  a  foundation  for 


[ganoxg] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


2t7 


future  study  ;  and  there  is  a  great  amount  to  be  done  in  particular  locali- 
ties, too,  on  Hitcs  not  likely  to  be  of  interest  outside  of  those  places. 

The  subject  of  historic  sites  in  Now  Brunswick  naturally  falls  into 
periods  answering;  to  those  of  our  general  history,  which  segregates  it- 
self naturally  into  six  fairly  distinct  periods — the  Prehistoric  (or  Indian), 
that  of  Exploration,  the  Acadian,  the  Knglish,  the  Loyalist  and  the  Post- 
Loyalist. 


1 


L    TIIR    PRKIirSTORlO   (INDIAN)   PERIOD. 

In  this  period,  the  subjects  of  particular  importance  to  our  present 
study  are  the  following: — (1)  The  distribution  of  the  Indian  tribes; 
(2)  the  .otes  of  their  villages,  camping  places  and  burial  grounds;  (3) 
their  routes  of  travel.  Though  occasional  references  to  these  topics  occur 
in  local  historical  writings,  these  are  extremely  scanty,  and  no  attempt 
has  been  made  as  yet  to  treat  the  subject  comprehensively. 

1.    The  Distribution  op  tub  Indian  Tribes. 

When  the  country  now  forming  Now  Brunswick  was  firet  discovered, 
it  was  occupied  by  two  distinct  Indian  tribes,  distributed  well  over  it  on 
the  principal  rivers  and  harboui-s.  The  early  writers,  who  often  refer  to 
them,  while  at  times  differing  in  details,  agree  in  the  main  as  to  their  dis- 
tribution; and  as  sot  forth  by  them  it  differed  but  little  from  that  of  the 
same  tribes  in  the  present  day.  The  Micmacs  or  Souriquois  occupied  the 
entire  north  shore  from  Gaspd  to  and  into  Nova  Scotia,  with  villages  on 
the  principal  rivers  ;  and  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy  was  theirs  al.so. 
The  Maliscets  or  Etechemins  occupied  the  valley  of  the  St.  John  and  the 
Passamaquoddy  region.  The  division  of  the  tribe  inhabiting  the  latter 
was  known  as  the  Passamaquoddies,  while  those  of  the  St.  John  were 
Woolahstukwik,  though  this  name  does  not  occur  in  any  documents,  and 
never  came  into  use'  by  Europeans.  Beyond  our  present  limits  on  the 
Penobscot  lived  another  very  closely  related  tribe,  the  Penobscots.' 

The  limits  between  these  tribes  were  well  understood,  and  each  in 
the  main  kept  to  its  own  hunting  grounds.  Early  writers  and  the  pre- 
sent statements  of  the  Indians  agree  that  each  tribe  was  considered  to 
possess  the  entire  river  systems  on  which  it  lived,  so  that  the  boun- 
daries came  on  the  watersheds  between  the  principal  rivers.  These 
boundaries  are  shown  thus  drawn  on  the  accompanying  map.  No.  12. 
I  have  been  told  by  Mark  Paul,  a  chief  of  the  Micmacs,  that  the  boundary 
between  his  tribe  and  the  Maliscets  reached  the  Bay  of  Fundy  at  Martins 
Head.     There  is  some  reason  for  supposing  that  at  the  time  of  Cham- 

'  Tlie  reliitiousliij)  of  these  tri))es,  as  j^iveii  l)y  tlieir  own  traditions,  is  discussed 
by  M.  Clianiberlain  in  the  New  Brunswick  Magazine,  I.,  41. 


mm 


¥ 


^m. 


218 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


plain's  visit,  in  1(504,  the  Micmut-s  occupied  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John,  but 
if  so  they  must  soon  have  iibandonod  it,  as  its  later  history  is  connected 
altogether  with  the  Maliscols,  Tiic  boundary  between  Maliseets  and 
Passamaquoddies,  practically  one  tribe  as  they  were,  was  not  a  sharp 
one  ;  but,  sucli  as  it  was,  it  would  naturally  begin  on  the  coast  at  Point 
Lepreau,  and  follow  the  watershed.  I  do  not  know  where  upon  the 
coast  the  boundary  between  Passamaquoddies  and  Ponobscots  began,  but 
the  topography  would  suggest  that  it  was  not  far  west  of  Machias, 

It  is  stated  in  many  historical  works,  as,  for  instance,  in  that  of 
Cooney,  that  the  Mohawks  once  occupied  the  valley  of  the  I?ostigouche, 
and  even  extended  to  the  Nepisiguit,  and  that,  too,  within  historic  times. 
The  Indians  themselves  have  traditions  to  that  etiect.  There  is,  however, 
not  the  slightest  historical  support  for  such  a  belief.  It  is  ))robubly 
entirely  erroneous,  and  arose  from  a  magnification  of  the  occasional 
incursions  or  even  longer  visits  of  the  Mohawks  to  this  region,  It  is 
nut  likely  that  the  Indian  traditions  are  very  trustworthy  evidence  upon 
such  questions.     The  Gaspesieiis  of  Let  'Icrcq  were,  of  course,  Micmacs, 


z. 


Indian  Villages  and  Camping  Grounds. 


li 


The  mode  of  life  of  the  Indians,  dependent  as  they  were  for  subsist- 
ence upon  fish  and  game,  irapo.sed  upon  them  a  migratory  existence. 
They  must  take  what  game  the  season  atlbrded,  and  go  where  it  was  to 
be  found,  Honco  the\-  moved  to  the  places  of  abundance  of  tish  and 
sbell-tish  in  spring  and  summer,  and  to  the  haunts  of  the  big  game  in 
its  season  in  autumn  and  Avinter,  This  constant  movement  allowed  of 
but.  few  permanent  villages,  though  it  necessitated  numerous  camping 
grounds  of  greater  or  less  extent  and  length  of  occupation.  Indeed,  as 
to  villages  with  a  fairly  permanent  population,  we  have  records  of  but 
very  few,  and  oven  they  were  at  times  entirely  abandoned  ;  these  included 
Meductic,  Ek-pahhak  (Aucpac),  and  Madatvaska,  on  the  St.  John,  Eichi- 
l>w(o,  Burnt  Church  and  Old  Mission  Point  (Rcstigouche),  on  the  North 
Shore,  and  i)erhap8  Pleasant  Point,  at  Passamaquoddy.  Several  of  these 
situations,  occupying  rich  intervales,  are  particularly  favourable  for 
cultivation  of  the  soil,  and  it  is  pi-obable  that  in  these  places  some  simple 
crops,  such  as  Indian  corn  and  pumpkins,  were  cultivated  in  a  rude 
manner,  tending  to  give  fixity  to  the  settlements  ;  for  agric\ilturo  neces- 
sitates stability,  as  the  chase  necessitates  constant  movement. 

When  we  consider  the  temporary  camping  places,  however,  we  find 
that  they  existed,  and  still  exist,  in  great  number  and  in  all  degrees  of 
importance,  from  those  occupied  for  long  periods  by  many  families,  down 
to  the  tiny  sites  used  for  a  night  by  the  transient  hunter.  No  doubt 
these  sites  were  much  more  numerous  than  we  now  know  of  in  the  set- 
tled parts  of  the  province,  and  my  list  of  the  more  important  ones  that 


'^ 


[ganono] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


219 


follows  must  bo  veiy  inc'om|iletc,  tliou,!,Mi  it  is  as  full  us  I  have  been  able 
to  make  it.     In  tlie  yet  unsettled  parts  of  the  province  these  sites  are 
still  used  somewhat  by  the  Indians  and  by  white  huntei-s,  so  they  may 
still  be  identified  ;  but  in  extent  and  importance  they  are  far  behind  those 
in  the  settled  parts.     Much  the  same  motives  that  attracted  the  Indians 
to   certain    sites   attracted    the   early   settlei-s,   and   many    of  the   mo>t 
important  camp  sites  are  now  covered  Ijy  villages  or  towns,  and  every 
trace  of  Indian  occupation  is  obliterated.     As  to  the  sites  of  such  settle- 
ments, we  have  four  sources  of  evidence  :  first,  historical  i-eforcnccs  in 
documents  and  on  maps,  of  which  use  has  been  made  in  the  list  that  fol- 
lows, many  of  the  earlier  references  being,  however,  too  indelinite  for 
fixing  exact  sites  ;  second,  there  is  tradition,  still   near  enougii  to  the 
time  of  Indian  occupation  to  be  of  some  value,  especially  if  baciccd   by 
relics  found  upon  the  sites;  third,  there  are  the  great  shell-heaps  on  the 
coast,  best  of  evidence  of  a  camp  site,  since  they  give  a  rough  quantitative 
measure  of  the  extent  of  its  use  and  even  of  its  antiquity  ;  fourth,  there 
is  the  testimony  of  place-names,  those  marvellously  persistent  memorials 
of  past  events  and  conditions.     The  tendency  to  give  descriptive  names 
is  very  strong  ii\  early  settlers,  the  stronger  the  nu)re  illiterate  they  are, 
and  the  presence  of  Indians  at  a  given  place  affords  one  of  the  liest  of 
descriptive  terms.     The  name  Iiuluin  Hirer  occurs  in  New  Brunswick 
once,  Indiiin  f'oce  once,   Indidii   Falls  once,    Indijintoion   twice,    litdian 
Beach  twice,  Indian  Camp  Putnt  once,   hulian  lironk  twice,  Indian  Baij 
once,  Indian  Lake  twice,   Indian  Mountain  once,  Indian   Island  eight 
times.  Indian  Point  at  least  twelve  tin\os.     These  names  in  some  cases  are 
the  last  memorials  of  their  j)reseiu-e  in  those  places. 

Of  the  several  influences  deterinimng  the  .situation  of  camping  sites, 
the  first  would  be  nearness  to  a  river,  for  the  birch  canoe  was  the  Indian's 
sole  vehicle  of  locomotion.   Undoubtedly  the  next  would  be  the  abundance 
of  game,  particularly  of  game  occujjying  a  fixed  jtosition,  as  shell-fish  do, 
or  following  definite  paths  through  i)]aces  wliere  their  flight  may  be  inter- 
rupted, as  fish  do.   Insiudi   j)lacesthe  Indians  could  remain  for  long  periods 
of  time;  whilst  in  the  pursuit  of  the  wide-wandering  large  furred  anil 
feathered  game  they  must  keep  always  on  the   move.      Consequent Iv 
next  to  the  few  villages  already  mentioned,  their  campsites  were  most 
abundant  in  the  following  bituati(Uis  :— first,  near  the  great  clam  beds 
of  the  Hay  of  Fuiuiy,  in   particular  about  Passamaquoddy   May.  where 
they   are    marked  by    the   great   shell  heaps,  chief    among   v/hieh    aro 
those  at  Oak   Hay,  Minister's  Island,   Hocabec,  Fryes  Island,  with  others 
of  le,ssor  extent,  too  many  to  mention.      Some  of  those  shell-heaps  have 
been  studied  with  care  by  Professor  Haird,  and  the  one  at  Hocabec  with 
particular  care  by  Dr.  G.  F.  Matthew,  whose  pajjor  detailing  his  results 
is  by  far  the  most  important  contribution  we  have  to  the  knowled<'-e  of 


n^ 


220 


KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


|i^ 


H 


t?)o  life  of  our  Indians  in  prohistorie  times.  It  has  been  gcnonvUy  sup- 
posed that  these  camp  sites  at  the  shell-heai)S  were  occupied  only  in  sprini,' 
and  summer,  when  the  best  fishing  is  past  and  the  big  game  is  out  of 
condition,  and  that  they  were  abandoned  in  autumn  and  winter  for  tlie 
inland  hunting,  but  Dr.  Matthew  has  found  evidence  to  show  that 
they  may  to  some  extent  have  been  occupied  tlic  entire  year.  Again,  on 
the  north  shore,  the  great  oyster  beds  extending  from  Shediac  to  Cara- 
quette,  and  formerly  of  greater  extension  and  abundance  than  now,  must 
liiive  been  a  great  attraction,  though  the  shell-hcai)s  in  tiiat  region  have  not 
been  at  all  studied.  Since,  however,  that  entire  coast  is  slowly  sinking,  many 
sliell-hoaps  must  have  been  washed  away.  I'robably  the  shell-fish  were  used 
only  in  spring  and  summer,  and  the  reliance  placed  for  the  winter  upon  big 
game.  Shell-Hsh  are  not  a  sutticient  winter  diet.  In  their  hunting  trips 
for  big  game,  onlj-  temporary  camps  were  used  as  centres  for  the  hunt- 
ing, and  these  soon  abandoned.  We  obtain  a  vivid  ])ieture  of  the  hard- 
ships of  such  a  life  in  the  narrative  of  John  (iyles,  who  describes  what 
was  doubtless  a  typical  winter,  and  in  the  narratives  of  several  of  the 
Jesuit  Fathers  who  accompanied  the  Indians  in  their  winter  hunts. 
Second,  waterfalls  are  great  fishing-places,  for  in  the  basins  below  them 
iho,  fish  pause  to  rest  before  beginning  the  ascent.  Thus,  at  Aroostook, 
Grand,  Salmon  and  other  falls  were  important  camp  sites.  The  mouths 
of  small  rivers  were  also,  for  similar  reasons,  good  camping  spots.  Again, 
the  head  of  tide  on  the  rivers  was  a  favourite  place,  probably  for  (he 
good  salmon-fishing  likely  to  be  found  there.  In  this  situation  wore 
Aucpac,  Indlantown  (Renous),  Bed  Bank  and  Mission  Point,  some  of  the 
most  important  of  the  prehistoric  sites.  Third,  are  good  sites  as  a  centre 
for  the  killing  of  porpoise.  This  has  determined  the  sites  of  the  camps  at 
Indian  Beach,  (xrand  Manun,  and  Indian  Cove,  just  west  of  Point  Lepreau. 
Again,  the  ends  of  portages  were  important  |(laccs,  but  less  of  course  for 
game  than  for  rest  before  and  after  the  labour  of  portaging.  This,  in 
part,  determined  the  position  of  Meduriic.  Again,  deep,  muddy  pools 
in  sluggish  rivers,  suitable  for  eels,  of  wliich  the  Indians  are  very  fond, 
are  important  ])laces.  Thus  have  been  located  the  important  settlements 
of  I'Jelfjround,  Miramichi,  and  Eel  River.  Restigoucho,  and  jierhaps  the 
eel-pools  at  Benton  had  something  to  do  with  the  site  of  Meductic.  Some 
minor  settlements  near  the  head  of  the  St.  Croix  were  thus  determined. 
An  e.Kample  of  a  particularly  well-placed  village  was  Burnt  Church.  Of 
this  Perley  says  in  his  Report  of  1841  (xcix.)  : — "The  small  River  fur- 
nishes Oysters,  Lobsters,  Sea  Trout  and  Kelsin  abundance  ;  in  front  of  the 
Point  large  quantities  of  Salmon  and  Bass  are  caught  annually,  and  there 
are  plenty  of  waterfowl." 

Minor  influences  determining  the  exact  positions  of  camp  sites  were 
as  follows  : — First,  a  level  place,  an  intervale  or  low  terrace,  near  the 
water,  for  their  wigwams,  a  good  gravel  beach  for  their  canoes,  and  a 


[ganoxg] 


spi'ing. 


HISTORIC  SITKS  IN  NKW  BUUNSWICK 


221 


Tho  need  for  u  apr'mir  by  tlie  .salt  water  is  obvious  enough,  but 
even  on  tho  clearest  rivers,  where  the  purity  and  coolness  of  tho  water 
i'ar  exceeds  that  of  tho  water  supply  of  many  modern  cities,  tho  Indians 
still  seek  a  spring,  and  most  of  tho  camping  places  along  our  rivers  to-day 
are  near  good  springs.  How  much  this  meant  to  thcra  may  be  ffathored 
ii'i'in  the  narrative  of  Gyles,  in  which  tho  great  spring  at  Moductic  is 
more  than  once  mentioned. 

Defence  against  enemies  seems  hardly  to  have  been  a  factor  in  the 
choice  of  situations  ;  that  was  probably  attained  by  the  i)alisades  of  their 
villages.  Probably,  however,  a  good  look-out  place  in  the  vicinity,  com- 
nianding  a  view  of  the  water-ways,  was  an  advantage,  and  Denys  tells 
us  that  at  tho  Indian  fort  at  Richibucto  a  tall  polo  had  been  erected  for 
this  purjiose. 

When    many   of  tho  favourable  conditions  for  a  camj)  site  came 

together — a  good  game  country,  good  eel  grounds,  tho  end  of  a  portage, 

an  intervale  flat  capabloof  easy  cultivation,  a  good  spring — the  result  was 

a  large  village  ;  this  was  the  case  with  Meductic,  and  here  not  only  was 

a  village,  but  a  fort  as  well.     That  our  Indians  built  forts  there  is  no 

doubt.     Thus,  Champlain  in  l(]0-l  found  on  Navy  Island  a  "  cabin  in 

which  tho  Indians  are  fortified,"  and  Lescarbot  described  the  village  of 

St.  John  as  '•  on  a  knoll  surrounded  by  tall  trees  attached  one  to  another." 

Villebon,  in  his  Journal  of  JU97,  speaks  of  tho  old  fort  at  the  mouth  of 

the  Xeropis  as  an  Indian  fort,  as  ho  docs  also  of  that  at  Moductic.     St. 

Yalior,  in   ltJ88,  calls  Meductic  a  fort,  as  does  also   Cadillac   in  1692. 

Again,  there  is  an  old  fort  on  an  island  in  Shediac  Harbour  which  may  be 

Indian,  and  a  very  clear  account  is  given  by  Denys,  in  1672,  of  the 

Indian  fort  at  Eichibucto,  which   ho  says  had  bastions.     Pro'^ably  this 

latter  feature  was  learned  from  the  French,  and  no  doubt  their  forts  wore 

originally  merely  fences  of  pickets  built  as  a  protection  against  thcii 

dreaded  hereditary  foes,  tho  Mohawks,  whoso  forays,  according  to  their 

traditions,  extended  into  New  Brun.swick,  though  there  is  no  record  of 

such  an  incursion  wuthin  histoi-ic  times.     It  is  said  by  tradition  that  the 

sottlemont  at  Mission  Point  was  inclosed  by  a  stockade. 

It  might  be  supposed  that  tlie  present  Indian  reserves  would  mark 
the  sites  of  ancient  camping  places,  but  such  is  not  often  tho  case.  On 
the  St.  John,  the  only  reserve  near  an  ancient  camp  site  of  any 
inijiortanco  is  that  of  Madawaska.  Tho  sites  of  Meductic  and  Aucpac 
are  no  longer  theirs,  but  the  newer  Woodstock  and  Indian  Village  reserves 
have  succeeded  them.  In  Pa;>8amiiquoddy  there  \a  no  resoi'vo  on  the 
Canadian  side,  but  there  is  a  Maine  reserve  at  Pleasant  Point  and  another 
near  Princeton.  Tho  old  camping  ground  near  Dorchester  is  no  longer 
occupied,  but  that  at  Folly  Point  replaces  it.  On  the  north  shore.  Burnt 
Church  reserve  covers  an  ancienl  camping  site,  and  pei-haps  that  at  Eel- 
ground,  and  probably  that  ct  Red  Bank.     Many  changes  have  boon  made 


i  ' 


i\ 


r 


mmmmmmm 


222 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


t  't 


in  the  location  of  reserves  in  this  century,  and  invariably,  I  believe,  in  the 
interest  of  the  Indians,  who  have  always  received  consideration  from 
both  Provincial  and  Dominion  <fOvernments.  When  they  have  shown  a 
tendency  to  settle  in  particular  places,  the  -fovernment  has  usuailv 
acquired  the  lanil  and  reserved  it  to  them,  at  the  same  time  sellinir  places 
that  they  abandon.  This  has  been  the  history  of  settlements  at  Indian 
Villa,!,'e  (Kinirsclear),  Indian  Island  (Balhurst),  and  some  other  Nites. 
The  Indians  show  more  and  more  a  tendency  to  settle  near  the  lar!,'er 
towns  and  the  summer  resorts,  where  they  find  a  market  for  theii-  wooden 
and  basket  wares,  and  some  liji^ht,  consjcenial  employment.  They  are 
usually  allowed  to  camp  where  they  will,  and  there  are  but  few  land- 
owners churlish  enough  to  refuse  them  permission  to  occupy  any  site 
they  tix  upon.  They  may  be  allowed  with  ])crl'ect  safety  to  camp  where 
they  choose,  for  they  are  honest  and  inotlensive. 

In  listing  the  camp  sites,  as  well  as  in  other  lists  through  this  ])aiier, 
I  shall  group  them  according  to  the  natural  river-system  divisions  of 
the  province,  as  follows  : — 

1.  The  I'assanmquoddy  District  :  All  rivers  of  this  system  to  Point 

Lei)reau. 

2.  The  St.  John  District :   All  this  valley  and  to  .Martins  Head. 

'.'>.  The  Petitcodiac-Mi.ssegua.sh  District;   All  the  head  of  the  l>:iy  of 
Fundy  and  to  Haie  Yerte. 

4.  The  Ricliibucto  District:   From  Bay  Yerte  to  Point  Escumiujic. 

5.  The  Miramichi  District  :   Ffom  Fscuminac  to  Tracadie. 

(».  The  Xejiisiguit  District:   From  Tracadie  to  Belledune  I'oint. 

7.  The  Hestigouehe  District  :   From   Belledune  Point  to  beyond   the 

Eestigouche  Eiver. 
The  watersheds  are  of  course  the  boundaries  between  ths  beads  of 
the  rivers. 

J.     The  Pmsamaquoddy  District. 

A. — Below  Forest  City.  ISctween  (irand  and  Clu'])c([nok  Lake«,  on  tlu-Can- 
ailiiin  side,  bi'low  Tapper's  Cove,  is  a  point  known  to  residents  as  an  ancient 
Indian  cameling  ground.  On  a  ])lan  of  is;!'-'  it  is  niarketl  as  "  iMienne's 
Iniiii'ovenients,"  and  along  tiie  river  in  front  is  "  Mtienne's  Kel  Works.'"' 
Tiiis  ]>assage  hetwi'en  the  lakes  must  have  been  a  great  fishing  place. 

B.— Indian  Island.  At  the  lower  end  of  Cliepediiek  Lake.  1  have  beeirtold  by 
th(^  Lulians  that  in  old  times  they  came  to  this  vicinity  for  cranberi'ies, 
which  grew  here  in  great  numbers,  and  probably  this  island  was  their 
cani])iiig  place. 

C— St.  Croix.  A  plan  <jf  \S'M  marks  on  the  site  of  the  modern  village  of  St. 
Croix,  "  Kel  AVorks,  Kilniaqnac,  a  deserted  Indian  village."-  The  site  is 
an  i<leal   one  for  a  canqiing  place,  and    tliere  are  falls  just  above.     It  is 

'  This  iiliraso  "  Kel  Works''  isciirioiis.     I  li.ive  noticed  it  but  twice,  here  iiud  in  C  following. 
Probiiljly  it  refers  to  \viir»  or  tr.ips  set  to  cttcli  cols. 

2  The  name  Kilniiiciiutc  appcirs  on  the  map  of  tlio  Maritime  I'rovinceg  in  Stanfonl'a  Conipenilium 
1897,  »  remarkable  case  of  survival. 


'i; 


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HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


223 


I 


iiiarkt'd  iilsn  as  uii  ''  Indian  Town  "  <>u  TitoonibV  I'hm  nf  tlic  Scondik,  ITU'J. 
Till'  l.s;;7  plan  has  on  a  point  on  tlic  west  side  of  tiic  exit  from  tin-  laico, 
"  L;i  Cootc,  an  Indian,  sottlud  hrri',''  and  oi>posite,  on  tlii'  east  side, 
"  ("Icarint;  made  by  Indian  Newell."  There  is  also  a  I'assaniaiinoddy 
village,  at  Lewis  Island,  Maine,  on  what  was  probably  a  ver\-  ancient 
i'ani|)int;  place.  The  17S.")  niaj)  of  the  Scoodic  niiirks  "Indian  Wijiwains" 
abont  halfway  between  Lewis  Island  and  the  main  liver  on  the  north  siile, 
and  the  Titcond)  Plan  of  i7!L'  marks  it  on  the  south  side. 

D.— Salmon  Falls.  (»n  the  Canadian  side,  onthe  t  iie  of  the  Cotton  Mill,  was  an 
ancient  cam|)in<r  place.  It  was  here  thai  Capiain  Chiu'ch,  in  I7II4,  atlacke(l 
the  Indians  and  ilestroyed  their  stori'  of  (ish,  as  he  relates  fully  in  his  well- 
known  narrative.  The  17S."iplan  of  Scoodic  marks  here  "Indian  Land." 
There  was  a  burial  ground  here.  (See  tin'  ('onri<'r  serit'S,  CIlLi  The 
I';u<saina(iuoddios  liavi-  at  present  a  small  settlement  at  Calais,  certainly 
very  modern. 

E.— Oak  Bay,  Near  the  head  of  Oak  I'.ay.  at  Simiison's,  on  the  east  side,  is  an 
extensive  shell  hea]),  indicatinjj;  ii  favourite  summer  campinj;  uround.  It  is 
described  with  others  in  l'.aird"s  "Notes  on  Abori^dnal  Shell  Motnids." 
There  is  said  to  be  another  on  the  wi'st  shore  opiiosite,  anil  another  on  dak 
Point. 

F. — St.  Andrews.  I'"rom  its  location,  one  of  thi'  most  admirable  of  all  camping 
sites.  It  was  called  by  the  Passainaipioddies  Knii-ti.-i-kii-tiiii-l.in'k.  < 'n  the 
Morris  .Maj)  of  St.  Andrews  of  17S4,  the  ])oint  nearest  .Navy  Island,  where 
the  C.  J'.  I;,  wharf  now  is,  is  called  linlliiii  I'nini,  as  it  is  in  some  of  the 
boundary  documents,  and  iiodonbt  the  main  .«ettleinent  was  here.  Another 
name  a[)plied  to  the  same  [loint  by  ^Mitchel  in  his  Field-P.ouk  of  I7iil  wan 
Liie,  meant  for  J^oiiis,  doubtless  for  Lewis  Neptune,  an  Indian  I'liief,  pio- 
mineiit  in  the  last  century,  and  who  |)robably  lived  here.  (See  Place 
Nometiclature,  p.  '2(u),  Some  of  the  botiudary  documents  refer  to  an 
important  btirying-place  heic  ;  theri'  was  one  farther  up  the  harbour  \\  here 
now  the  block-house  is,  which  has  been  used  by  the  Indians  within  \\\o. 
ineinory  of  men  now  living.  At  jireseiu  the  extreme  southern  i)oint  of  the 
peninsula  is  called  Iinlidn  I'nint.  and  two  or  three  faiiiilies  of  Passanui<i nod- 
dies live  near  the  railroad  station,  thou^li  not  upon  a  n'ser\ation. 

G.— Ministers  Island.  Facing  St.  Andrew's,  south  of  the  bar,  is  a  line  lary;(i 
slu'll-heiip,  indicating  a  much  used  cam])-site. 

H.— Bocabec.  On  the  east  siile  of  the  entrance  of  the  river  is  a  large  shell-heap 
which  has  been  thoroughly  investigated  by  (i.  I".  Matthew,  ami  descrilied 
fidly  by  him  in  the  P.ulletin  of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  New  liruns- 
wick  No.  III.  (and  also  r(>printed  in  No.  X.). 

Other  shell-heaps  of  some  importance  occur  at  many  i)oints  about  Passa- 
maquoddy  P>ay.  liaird  mentions  them  at  I'ast  side  of  Iiigdeguash  river, 
<ireen  Point  (Letete),  Frye's  Island,  lUi.'^s  Island,  Seely's  Cove,  Popelogan. 
There  is  one  also  at  .Ioc'h  Toint.  Hut  the  shell-heaiis  are  inntimerable,  and 
of  all  grades  of  im])ortance,  and  a  complete  list  of  them  would  run  into  many 
dozens.  Other  camping-grounds  an-  said  to  occur  at  Red  lieacli,  Maine,  and 
at  Liberty  Point,  Uobbinston. 

L — Indian  Point,  Magaguadavic,  just  above  Red  Rock  stream,  on  the  west  side. 
Thus  niiirked  on  the  Campbell  and  I ledden  Map  of  17U7  ;  it  is  an  intervale 
])oint  forming  the  kind  of  sW^  most  liked  by  them.  Allan  says  in  hia 
Report  in  l"'.);! :  "  On  the  river  Maggaudavic  many  make  it  their  home." 


.r  I 


f 


224 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


J. — Pleasant  Point.  An  anciont  Intliun  villufjc,  now  tlic  cliii'f  village  of  the 
I'assanKKjuoddics,  callftl  by  tlu'iii  .Sci -/<//-//•.  It  is  iiR'iilioiiod  as  an  Indian 
village  in  Owen's  journal  of  1770.  According  to  Lewis  Mitchell,  one  of  the 
best  informed  of  the  Pas.siinaiinoddies,  the  chief  TassanuKiuoddy  village 
was  first  at  St  Andrews,  then  at  Indian  Island,  then  al  Uirch  Point,  throe 
miles  below  Pleasant  Point,  and  linally  at  Pleasant  Point- 

K. — Indian  Island.  As  the  name  indicates,  this  is  known  to  have  been  a  resort 
of  theirs  from  early  times.  Lorimer  states  that  they  bad  here  a  bnrying- 
groimd.     Church  found  hulians  heri'  in  170-1. 

L.— Campobello.  I  have  found  no  record  of  an  ancient  settlement  on  this  island, 
though  it  cannot  be  doubted  they  existed  there.  There  is  an  Inilian  licuch 
near  Mead  llarbmir,  and  on  one  late  map  Iinlinii  I'ninl  is  given  also  to  Duck 
Point  at  the  southiTn  end  of  the  island. 

M- — Grand  Manan.  Indian  shell  heaps  are  mentioned  by  P>aird  at  tlrand 
Harbour,  Nantucket  Island  and  Cheney  Ishuul,  and  no  doubt  exist  at  many 
other  places.  On  the  charts  the  southern  ])oint  (jf  Hoss  Island  is  called 
Indian  ('<iiiii>  I'ulnt.  Near  the  northwest  end  of  the  island  is  Fndkin  Beach, 
where  the  Pa.«sainaquoddii's  still  have  a  canii)ing  place  used  while  Inuiting 
porpoise. 

N. — At  the  entrance  of  Lelang  Hiver  at  the  h(>ad  of  Letang  Ilarboin*  the  charts 
show  an  Indian  I'aint. 

O.  — In  a  small  cove  close  to  Point  Leprcau  on  the  west  side  is  an  old  camping 
place  still  used  by  the  Pa.«samaquoddies. 

The  principal  camp  sites  in  this  District  will  be  found  marked  on  Map 
No.  40. 


<>  V 


n 


2.  The  St.  John  District. 

Alon<^  the  fnain  St.  Jolin,  Indian  camping  places  and  temporary 
settlements  must  have  been  innumerable.  This  vallo}'  not  only  main- 
tained a  considerable  population,  but  it  was  a  great  highway  for  travel, 
abounded  in  game  and  rish,  and  is  well-nigh  lined  on  b)th  banks  by  ideal 
cam])ing  sites.  Particularly  at  the  mouths  of  the  diff<  rent  rivers,  where 
there  is  almost  invariably  an  intervale  or  low  terrac  s  flat,  are  the  con- 
ditions favourable.  That  such  situations  were  thus  occupied  is  indeed 
told  us  by  Gyles,  who,  describing  his  descent  of  the  St.  John  about  1690, 
tells  us,  "As  we  passed  down  by  the  mouths  of  any  largo  branches,  we  saw 
Indians."  It  is  only  the  principal  of  these  camping  grounds  which  can 
be  described  here. 

At — Madawaska.  Probably  this  was  never  an  extensive  settlement.  St.  Valier, 
before  1088,  found  there  a  cabin  of  Christian  Indians  from  Sillery,  and 
C.ylos,  who  was  there  about  ItiOO,  says  "  There  an  old  man  lived  and  kept 
a  sorti  of  trading-bouse."  This  is  probably  the  place  referred  to  by  Cadillac 
ii'  1()92, — "Forty-four  leagues  further,  [above  Meductic]  is  another  fort 
w  hi-re  the  Canibas  ordinarily  retreat  to  when  they  fear  anything  in  tlu'lr 
own  country."  An  "  Indian  village  "  is  marked  below  the  mouth  of  the 
river  on  the  Peachy  map  of  1783  or  later,  and  on  others  following  it.  Allan 
( in  Kidder,  30())  says  there  was  a  large  village  there  in  1793.  Bishop  Plessis 
records  that  in  1812  but  two  wigwams  remained  of  a  former  Indian  village. 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


225 


I  V 


IVrloy,  in  liis  HcpDrt  of  1x41,  fully  describes  the  cniidition  of  the  village, 
hikI  gives  tradition  to  show  tluit  it  was  formerly  of  considerable  size.  At 
present  there  is  u  small  Indian  village  and  reservation  about  two  miles 
below  the  mouth  of  the  Ahidawaska.  The  Chief  of  this  village  has  told 
me  that  in  old  times  their  settlement  was  just  below  the  mouth  of  the 
river  on  an  intervale,  and  that  their  burial  groun<l  was  on  a  mcjund  easily 
distinguishable  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile  bel<iw  the  INhuhiwaska. 

B.— Grand  Falls.  1  have  found  no  record  of  a  settlement  here,  but  no  doubt 
there  were  camping  places  at  the  ends  of  the  important  portage  around  the 
falls.  Professor  Bailey,  in  his  "  Uelics  of  the  Stone  Age,''  states  that  Indian 
implements  liave  been  found  here  in  considerable  variety.  The  exact  situa- 
tion of  this  portage  will  be  described  later. 

C— Aroostook  Falls-  Professor  Bailey  states  that  Indian  im])lements  have  beiMi 
found  here  in  considerable  abunilance,  indicating  a  camping  ground. 

D. — Indian  Point.  At  the  mouth  of  Tobi{iue.  Important  as  this  settlement  now 
is  (the  largt'st  on  the  St.  J(jhn),  it  is  nevertheless  not  very  okl.  It  was  first 
legally  established  in  1801.  St.  N'alier,  in  bis  narrative  of  his  voyage  down 
the  river  before  Ki.SS,  makes  no  mention  of  it.  uur  does  (ivies,  nor  any 
writer  in  the  last  century  that  I  can  lind,  though  without  d(jubt  so  impor- 
tant a  place  must  have  been  uuich  used,  at.  least  as  a  camping  ground.  An 
"Indian  Chapel"  is  marked  here  on  Foulis'  map  of  1S20,  and  a  full  account 
of  the  settlement  is  in  Perley's  Report  of  1S41.  The  name  Tobique  is  said 
by  the  Indians,  and  I  believe  correctly,  to  have  been  given  by  the  whites 
for  the  name  of  a  chief  who  formerly  lived  at  its  mouth.  The  name  of  this 
chief  ajjpeai's  as  Toubick,  Tol)ic,  etc  ,  in  various  documents  of  the  last 
century,  and  the  name  was  applied  to  the  river  at  least  as  early  as  1783 
(JMunro's  Report  and  ^lords'  Map). 

No  doubt  Nictau  has  been  an  important  camp  ground  from  very  early 
times.  There  is  an  Indian  ]hi\i  and  an  IwWan  Point  at  the  eastern  end  of 
Nictor  Lake,  which  probably  indicate  camp-sites. 

The  site  of  the  village  of  Ilartland  is  a  very  favourable  one  for  a  camping 
ground,  especially  since  at  the  mouth  of  the  Becaguimec  is  a  famous  salmon 
pool ;  the  word  ijnimcc  indeed  means  in  Maliseet.  "a  salmon-pool."  There 
is  an  Indian  Brook  and  Lahe  on  the  south  branch  of  the  Becaguimec, 
prf)bably  a  resort  of  the  Indians. 

E. — Meduxnakeag.  There  was  a  camping  place  there  mentioned  by  Gyles,  and 
it  was  probably  on  the  island  in  front  of  the  river,  as  pointed  out  by  Mr. 
Raymond  in  his  "Old  Meductic  Fort"  (p.  241). 

P.— Meductic.  The  history  of  this  village  has  been  traced  by  Rev.  W.  O. 
Raymond  with  the  most  satisfactory  fulness  and  care,  in  his  "  The  Old 
]\Ieductic  Fort."  This  village  was  undoubtedly  historically  the  most 
important  on  the  River  St.  John,  and  the  only  permanent  settlement  on 
the  river  occupied  from  the  beginning  of  the  historic  period  down  to  tlie 
middle  of  the  present  century.  It  stood  on  a  rich  intervale  at  the  beginning 
of  the  Meductic  portage  to  Eel  River  (to  be  described  below)  about  four 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  I^el  River,  and  included  a  fort  as  well  as  a  village. 
The  map  of  the  surroundings  given  by  Mr.  Raymond  (page  220)  shows 
its  particular  location  on  the  Hat.  St.  ^'alier  before  1688  spoke  of  it  as  the 
"  premier  fort  de  L'Acadie,"  of  couree  in  reference  to  its  position  as  one 
came  from  Quebec.  Villebon  in  his  Journal  of  1601  calls  it  an  Indian  fort, 
and  Cadillac  in  1692  also  calls  it  a  fort.    Gyles  and  Pote  have  much  to  say 


I 


— ^-jBasaswsaaeM**** 


9 


226 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


M 


of  it,  and  tliciv  is  a  full  accdiiiil  ul'  it  in  ISH  in  IVrlcy's  Kcim)!'!.  Shnrtly 
aflcr  ISll  till'  liidiaiis  wi'ic  I'cniovcd  friiiii  Mcdtictic  lo  a  site  piircliaHcd  fur 
tlu'Mi  hv  tile  Trcpv  iiicial  (iipvcrnniciit  tliicc  iniics  l)cln\v  WiMidstciclx,  wliiTfil 
ffwof  tlifhi  still  livf.  Portions  (if  the  furl  and  l)niial  };r(inn<l  arc  still  visible 
and  well  known,  hut  tlu'rr  is  sonic  dunht  as  to  tiic  precise  relative  position 
of  the  two.  In  map  N'n.  1,  A  represents  niv  uwn  plan  made  en  the  si"i|  in 
isiiL' ;  1 1  is  f rum  an  old  plan  in  the  Crown  Land  ollice  ;  C  is  from  a  Ms. 
sketch  of  the  locality  made  hy  Mr.  Hay,  the  owner,  ahuiit  Isiii.',  and  I' is 
from  Mr,  Raymond's  Map,  made  in  hSitd. 

Murley's  Kuck.  in  I'lel  IJixer,  ahuve  ISentun,  is  said  lucally  tu  be  an  nid 
Indian  camping  <;roinid. 

Thei'e  is  an  luilinii  I.itkc  un  the  Sheugoniuc,  whicli  pi'ubably  marks  a 
resurt  uf  theirs. 


!K':ach 


Iviicn/a/i: 


3' 

k 

t- 


'///^/liltlllMlltlTMII'fl, 


'/  -  •  .     I  -  .  1 

Burial 


-  r.  '.J  -C 


''<■  UlllllOi  i)iMUl|l>" 


® 


30  purees 


^k 


^    St  Jckn. 


r 


Fort 


© 


tier  /14-  Tvrfj       iQruvc 


Samt    John   fl. 


-  ^  *v  r  1^^  o  o  o  0  o 


® 


Mai'  No.  I.    SiTK  OF  MKDUcTir  Fort. 

A.  I'lan  made  hy  llio  author  in  1802, 

]i.  From  iiliin  in  Crown  Land  oftice  made  in  1790. 

C.  I'lan  made  by  owner  of  tlio  fort  site,  1892. 

D.  From  liaymond's  map  of  1890. 


G.— Tiie  Morris  ^lap  of  1784  marks  a  group  of  "Indian  Wigwams"  just  above 

Middle  Suuthami>tun,  on  the  east  bank  of  tho   river,  but  I  knu\y  nothing 

further  of  this  location. 
H. — Indian  Village,  Kingsclear.    This  village,  now'  the  second  in  importance 

on  the  St.  .John,  is  coinparativoly  modern.    The  Indians  moved  here  after 

the  sale  of  Aiirjxtc,  in  1794. 
I. — £k-pa''-hals.     (Anrjiac,  Oak  Park-,  lir.)    This  village  was  at  Springhill,  about 

the  mouth  of  Springhill  Brook,  inchiding  also  Harts  and  Savage  Islands. 


-1 


[dANONfl] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


227 


In  llic  last  (Tiiuiiy  tliis  was  the  most  iiiiporluiit  village  uii  the  St.Jolm, 
iiitu'li  siirpassin;;  Mcdiiclic  alter  aliuiii  I7">n.  Tlicrc  is  im  icI'itcuci'  what- 
I'ViT  to  it  Uiut  1  liavi'  la'cnalilt!  t<i  liiul  Ipctnic  tlif  o'liMis  ni'  17.".:;  wliii'li  iiicii- 
liiiiiH /iV'oi//)((v.  rule  speaks  (if  it  iiiuiei' tiie  iiiime  .l/"v/ :iiiii  .l//'i,/, ,  in  1745. 
Had  it  existed  niiicli  earlier  it  cuiiid  scarci'ly  liave  escaped  ineiuiiiii  in  sunio 
(if  the  many  docinneiits  (jf  the  preeedin;;  century.  I'ule  refers  to  it  as  a  enn- 
sid(!nii)lo  viihvj^o,  Cpon  Morris'  map  of  the  Si.  .lolm,  madi-  originally  in 
17ii.")  ( my  cojjy  is  about  1774),  ocenrs  tlie  followinji  imjiortant  inscription: 
"  An^ihpack  is  almnt  Seven  Miles  above  St.  Anns,  and  at  this  place  was  tlu^ 
Indian  Cbnrcli,  and  the  IJesidence  of  the  I'rencli  Missionary,  the  Clinrch 
and  other  l.uildinjjs  about  it  are  all  deinolislie(l  by  thi'  Indians  tliemsuive.s. 
An  Island  opposite  Anjjhpack,  calle(l  Indian  island,  is  the  ])lace  where  tlie 
Indians  of  Si.  .lohn  make  tlieii' .Vniial  Keiidozvons,  on  this  Island  is  their 
Town  consisting  of  about  I'^orty  mean  I  louses  or  Wijrwams  buill  wilii  <lend(M' 
])( lies,  and  covered  with  Mark;  in  the  Center  of  this  Town  is  their  ( irand 
( 'onncil  Chamber  const ructe(l  after  the  same  manner  as  their  other  IlousetJ, 
and  here  all  differences  and  disputes  are  settled  and  lluntinj,'  ( imunds 
Allotted  to  eacli  Family  before  they  bejjin  their  Summer  Hunts.  These 
Affairs  are  {generally  settled  about  the  I'efriunint;  of  .Inly.'' 

In  171)."),  then,  .\ucpac  would  apjiear  to  have  been  abandoned.  I>ut 
it  was  not  for  lonfi,  for,  as  an  entry  in  the  registers  of  the  church  at 
Indian  N'iliafje  shows,  in  17(17  the  bell  and  other  articles  oi  the  chapel  at 
^Meductic  wen-  removi'd  to  .\ncpac,  and  in  1777,  as  proved  by  the  journal  of 
Colonel  Allan,  the  villaf^i'  wa."  aj^ain  occujiied  and  imjiortant.  It  was 
thenceforth  inhabited  by  the  Indian.*  until  1794,  wlien  they  sold  the  site  of 
their  village,  and  also  i^avagti  Island,  and  removed  in  a  body  to  In- 
dian N'illage,  when'  they  have  since  lived.  The  Indian  Island  on  which  the 
council  chandjor  stood  was  the  present  Savage  Island.  .Vucjiac  was  also 
called  Sah)l  Amwn,  a  name  apparently  transferred  from  St.  Aiinesroint,  and 
it  was  taken  with  them  wlu'ii  they  removi'd  to  the  present  Indian  \'illage. 
As  applied  to  Aucpac,  it  persisted  for  a  time  as  the  name  (if  Harts  Island, 
which  on  old  plans  is  called  .Sandon  (corruption  of  Sainte  Anne)  Island. 
Savage  Island  is  called  in  Malise<'t,  X'cit-iic-O-iliui,  or  "Old  Town,'"  while 
Hart.s  Island  is  Wn-rn-Uxi-.tin,  "a  fort,"  and  their  tradition  is  that  Savage 
Island  wius  their  original  stronghold,  but  it  was  Xoo  large  to  di'fend,  so  they 
moved  to  the  smaller  one. 

Indian  bodies  have  been  founil  at  Curries  Mountain  in  excavating  for 
the  niilroad,  showing  a  burial  gromid  there. 

J. — St.  Annes  Point.  There  appears  to  have  been  an  ancient  settlement  at  St. 
Anries  Point  on  or  near  where  Government  IIou,-:e  now  stands,  and  an  ancient 
burial  place  there.  The  latter  is  locally  believed  to  have  been  in  the  shrub- 
bery behind  the  present  carriage-house.  In  17().j  a  grant  of  four  acres  hero 
was  made  to  the  Indians  by  the  Nova  Scotian  Government. 

Cadillac  in  1()92  speaks  of  a  Micmac  fort  at  a  place  called  Naxehouac 
[Niushwaak],  but  there  is  no  other  evidenci-  of  this. 

K.— Indian  Camps  at  St.  Marys.  This  considerable  settlement  opposite  Fred- 
ericton  is  comparatively  modern.  The  Indians  have  had  no  grantor  reserva- 
tion here,  but  have  held  a  small  tract  from  early  in  this  century  simply  by 
occupation.  They  were  probably  attracted  to  the  locality  through  its  prox- 
imity to  Fre'dericton. 

L. — Oromocto.  At  the  mouth  of  this  river,  near  the  bridge,  was  an  Indian 
burial  ground,  mentioned  by  AVard  (p.  40),  and  probably  here  was  an  Indian 


r  tirrr^^  tt*" 


,»^     JB? 


228  UOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

cainj)  silc.     Tlicrt'  is  now  at  <»r()inocto  u  ii'scrvatioii  ami  wttU'iiiciit,  Imth 

ninilt'l'll. 

It  is  all(i({t'tlu'r  jir()l)al)lf  tiiai  tin-  AcaiJian  Indians,  in  nno  ideality  at 
least,  inailc  I'irtojtraplis,  the  case  of  Fairy  Like,  in  Nova  Scotia,  iM'ini^ 
Wfll  Ixnowti  and  ol'tm  dcscriiM'd.  Noiliin;^  of  tiiis  l<ind  is  i{no\vii  in  New 
IJrunswii'iv,  willi  tlic  single  t'xci'|ition  of  a  i)ossil)l('  ciusf  on  tlu'  Oroniocto 
Kivcr.  It  is  thns  (K'scriljcd  by  its  discovcrtT,  Mr.  C  \V.  Mcckwitli,  of  Fred- 
I'rictoii,  in  a  letter  lu  Dr.  (i.  V.  Mattliew,  of  St.  .loiin,  and  I  am  indebted  to 
.Mr.  S.  W.  Kain  for  the  opportunity  to  ipiote  it  here:  "In  .\n(jnst,  ISilO, 
coining  down  North  Orornoeto  Hiver  in  a  canoe  from  tlie  lake,  I  landed  on 
the  westerly  shore  to  camp,  about  one  mile  above  the  month  of  Lyon's 
Stream.  We  deiwisited  onr  baggage  on  a  large  llat  rock,  laying  the  t-anoc 
alongsidi'  of  it.  It  was  dark  when  we  lande(|,  bnt  in  the  morning  my  son, 
who  was  with  me,  called  my  attention  to  the  rock.  On  its  face  was  ronghly 
cnt  in  a  plan  or  maj),  ap[)arently  answering  to  the  forks  of  the  Oroniocto 
Kiver,  with  curious  figures  ;  some  that  appeared  to  indicate  men  and  arrows 
pointing  in  different  directions.  The  stone  was,  I  think,  common  sandstone, 
cut  into  by  a  lianler  substance,  and  the  (ignri'S  had  an  odd  aintearance. 
There  were  no  letters,  and  it  did  not  af>i)ear  to  have  been  made  by  a  civilized 
being,  but  looked  to  me  like  some  old  Indian  lamlmark.  The  stone,  I 
should  judge,  wan  irregilar,  almost  round,  about  four  or  live  feet  acro.ss,  and 
varying  from  one  to  three  feet  in  thickness.  The  water  wiis  very  low  at  the 
time." 

M. — Tn  ^larston's  diary  of  178.'),  it  is  said  there  wa.s  an  Indian  settlement  on 
Salnum  River,  two  miles  below  the  Giwperoau,  but  I  know  nothing  of  it, 
There  must  have  been  many  important  camp  site's  about  Gnxnd  T^ike. 

N. — Indian  Point,  on  the  thoronghfare  between  Grand  and  Maqnapit  Lakes. 
An  account  of  this  site  is  given  in  the  Bulletin  of  the  Natural  History  Society 
of  New  Brunswick,  VI.,  tl,  and  XIII.,  84.  From  the  abundance  of  relics 
fotind  tliere,  it  must  have  been  a  camp  site  of  much  im])ortance.  The  only 
historical  reference  to  it  known  to  me  is  a  mention  of  Indians  camping  back 
of  Mangerville  in  1778.     (Collections  N.  B.  Hist.  Soc,  I.,  ;?L'2. ) 

The  Indians  have  a  favourite  camping  place  just  above  the  village  of 
Gagetown,  and,  probably,  judging  from  i's  situation,  this,  or  some  other 
near  it,  has  been  used  from  very  ancient  times. 

O. — It  is  said   by  resident.s  that  there  was  an  old  Indian  camping  ground  on 
■  a  pr)int  back  of  Owen  Cory's  farm  on  the  Canaan  Hiver,  south  side,  about 
five  miles  above  the  North  Forks. 

In  a  letter  of  Shirley  to  Lawrenci?  (\.  S.  .Vrchives,  438)  he  speaks  of 
"The  old  Indian  town  called  Naductcek,  which  is  situated  at  or  near  the 
portage  between  the  rivers  St.  John's  and  T'atcotyeak,"  but  of  this  I  can 
find  no  other  mention  The  small  stream  below  Spoon  Id.  on  the  west  side 
is  called  by  the  Mali.seets  No-dic-Hr,  and  possibly  a  village  stood  (ui  the 
intervale  there. 

P. — Nerepis.  At  the  montli  of  the  Nerepis  formerly  stood  a  small  fort,  whose 
location  and  history  will  be  later  described.  Originally  it  appears  to  have 
been  built  by  the  Indian.s,  as  were  those  of  Meductic  and  Richiljucto 
for  Villebon,  in  his  diary  of  i(>96,  speaks  of  the  "  fort  des  Sanvages  de 
Nerepisse." 

Q, — Apohaqui.  According  to  Allison,  "There  was  a  large  IndiiHi  village  of  some 
description  and  of  more  or  less  permanent  character ....  at  the  junction  of  the 


-r 


«  ANONn] 


HISTOUIC  S1TK8  IN  NEW  HKUNSWKK 


229 


.Millslrcaiii  with  tlif  Kfimt'licccii.'-iH,"  as  .mIidwm  liy  tlif  pivHcncc  uf  an  Imliiin 
l)iiiial-(?rciiiM(l,  and  niiniiTmis  liuliaii  nlics  du;?  up  tlirrc  'I'liis  villap'  stiMnl 
on  tin-  lowtTor  woHdTii  annlc  iM'tWffii  llic  two  rivtTH.  At  prcHoiil  tlurc  is 
a  small  niutltTii  Malisfi't  fncamijuii'iit  iii'ar  tlu'  village  I'f  A])nlia<iiii.  Tluro 
is  sdiiic  reason  til  tliink  tliut  Ap-a-liak  is  tlio  aru-ifnt  name  nf  this  villajif, 
whicli  sii^ifpsts  a  possil)k'  conmrtinii  of  tin-  iinnii'  with  Kk-jia-liak  (  Auppac). 
Thi'  Ihiif  small  islamls  known  as  "The  I5rolluTS,''  in  the  KoniiclM'casirt 
off  Milk'dj^cvilk'  arc  now  an  Indiiin  ii'S(  rvc  anil  ofcu|>it'tl  irii'nularly  1)>  llio 
tndianH. 

H.— St.  John.  Champlain  (irst  fntcrcd  St.  John  llarhonrin  KUW,  and  on  the  map 
of  the  harliour  in  his  narrative  a  cabin  is  drawn  on  Navy  Island,  and  witii 
it  is^iven  a  letti'r  answerinjjtothis  descriptioti  ;  "Cahaiie  on  sefortilienl  Ich 
sanvanes,"  Tliis  would  seem  to  settle  the  site  of  the  village  even  thouf^h 
Lescarbfit,  who  visited  the  harbour  two  or  tiiree  yearw  later,  deserilH-s  it  an 
upon  a  hillock  or  knoll,  lie  says,  "  La  ville  iVOni'ioinli  i aiiisi  j'apiielle  la 
ilemeuri'  duilit  Vhhtinliiii)  estoit  uii  grand  eiiclos  sur  uii  tertre  ferine''  ile 
hauls  et  menus  arbrea  attachez  I'liii  contre  I'aiitre,  el  an  dedans  ])lusieura 
cabaiies  grandes  et  jietites,  rnni^  desiiuelles  .stoit  auss'  lininde  (|n'niie 
halle,  on  se  retiroienl  beaucoup  de  meiiagcs  :  t't  (luanl  i\ce||e  oi'i  ils  faisoient 
la  Tabagie,  elle  estoit  tin  pen  inoindre "  (Ilistoire,  II.,  .')70,  ('<!.  ISli(l). 
This  name,  ftiili/oinH,  a|)plied  by  Lescarb  t  to  the  village,  is  the  true  Indian 
name  foravillagi'  site,  though  by  Champlain  it  was  sui)i)osed  toappl.\  to 
the  river.  This  error  of  his  has  long  persisted  and  is  repeateil  by  some 
writi'rs  even  at  the  present  diiy.     (See  I'lace-Nomenciature,  p.  2t>'.»). 

S.— Indiantown.  In  1779  an  "Indian  House"  for  trade  with  tiie  Indians  was 
establislied  here,  but  I  have  not  found  any  earlier  reference  to  a  camp  site  or 
settlement.  No  doubt,  howeviT,  it  \va.s  ai\  important  camping  place,  for  it 
is  the  lowest  good  spot  for  the  purpose  on  the  river  above  the  Kails,  and  wa.s 
near  the  portage,  later  to  be  descrilx'd,' which,  to  avoid  the  Kails,  ran  across 
the  ridge  from  Marble  Cove  to  the  Ilarboiu-. 

It  is  probable  there  was  a  cam|)ing  ])lace  at  Mahogany  Island,  the 
Indian  name  for  which  means  "  place  for  clams." 

There  are  temporary  camping  jilaccs  at  several  points  along  the  river, 
notably  Ilampsted,  Norton,  Hothesay.  The  Indians  own  no  land  at  liiose 
places,  but  are  generally  allowed  to  camj)  where  they  choose. 

There  is  an  Indian  Lake  on  the  Muscjuash  which  perhaps  marks  an 
Indian  resort. 

J.   The  Petitcodiac-Misse/junsh  H^strict, 

The  information  I  have  been  able  to  gather  on  this  district  is  very 
scanty,  and  there  must  be  many  important  camp  and  village  sites  that  I 
have  missed. 

A. — Indian  Mountain.  This  hill  is  eight  miles  northwest  of  Moncton.  It  is 
saiil  locally  to  bo  so  named  because  the  tirst  settlers  found  Indians  there 
when  they  arrived,  but  I  am  told  by  a  resid»Mit  there;  Wius  no  regular  camp- 
ing-place there.     Possibly  it  was  a  centre  for  hunting  cariboo. 

B. — Salisbury.     There  is  saiil  to  have  been  a  regular  camp-groiuid  here.     Per- 
haps it  w:i.s  at  the  end  of  the  portage  leading  to  the  Wasbailemoac. 
■  C. — The  Bend.   It  is  said  by  the  Indians  there  was  formerly  a  camping-ground  at 
Hall's  Creek,  probably  on  the  site  of  Moncton. 


230 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


D. — Fort  Folly.  This  coiiKidcrable  reservatujii  is  on  the  Petitcodiac,  a  mile  and 
a  iiaif  ab<jve  Folly  Point.  It  was  established  in  1830,  and  from  its  very 
favourable  situation  is  probably  an  ancient  camp  site.  The  Indians  removed 
here  from  near  Dorcheirter,  whence  it  is  sometimes  called  the  Dorchester 
Reserve. 

At  the  head  of  tlu"  Memramcook  is  a  brancli  called  on  some  maps  {as 
AVilkinsrtn's)  Iinlidii  ulrmni.  It  was  probably  .«o  named  because  it  wa.s  part 
of  the  old  Inilian  portage  from  this  river  to  tlii'  Scadouc,  and  not  because 
of  an  Indian  settlement. 

E, — .histtutlu'  northward  of  the  mouth  of  Sliepody  liiver  is  a  small  island  called 
on  tin'  charts  Iinliini  hhinil,  wliich  ])erhaps  marks  a  resort  of  theirs. 

F. — Dorchester.  Early  maps,  particularly  the  line  l-'ri'nch  map  of  the  Isthmus  of 
1 7')")  ( 1 771' )  places  "Indiens"  with  a  nuuiber  oi  houses  on  some  stream 
south  of  the  present  Dorchester,  but  the  toi)(i<;rapby  is  too  Imperfect  to  allow 
us  to  locate  this  settlement  I'xactly.  It  may  have  been  on  Jtihnston's  Creek 
flowing  into  ( irand  Ance,  or  on  Palmer  brook  just  south  of  Dorchester.  A 
resilient,  ^Ir.  S.  ('.  W.  Chapman,  of  Dorchester,  tells  me  there  wa.s  before 
l,s:>4  an  Indian  seltlenient  near  Doi'chester,  where  Sackville  street  crosses 
Palmer  Brook,  ea.st  of  the  brook  and  north  of  the  road.  He  states  there  was 
another  on  the  Chapman  farm,  north  of  Dorchester,  south  of  the  road  to 
Woodhurst.  The  Indians  from  both  of  these  settlements  afterwards  settled 
on  the  Fort  Folly  Reserve  (see  above,  D).  uften  called  the  Dorche.^tcr  Reserve. 

G.— Westcock.  1  am  told  by  Mr.  Chapman,  of  Dorchester,  there  wius  formerly  an 
important  camping  ground  on  Westcock  Brook,  with  a  trail  Ix'tween  it  ami 
that  (in  Palmer  Brook,  near  Dorchester.  .Vimther  was  on  Allan  Brook,  near 
Wodd  Point. 

H. — Midjic.  This  is  said  by  the  Indians  to  \v,\.w  been  formerly  one  of  tlieir  most 
important  cam])iug  grounds. 

T. — Ctvpe  Tormentine.  South  of  this  point  the  map  marks  JndUm  Point,  known 
to  be  a  former  camping  place.  An  accoimt  of  the  relics  found  here  has  been 
published  by  \V.  L.  (ioodwin,  in  Canadian  Record  of  Scienci',  .Ian.,  l.SOO. 

It  is  said  that  important  settk'ments  in  tlu'  la.«t  century  existed  at  Tid- 
nish  and  Agamore  Heads,  in  Nova  Scotia.  Franquet's  map,  given  later  in 
this  paper  ( !\Ia]i  No.  2(i)  shows  traces  of  Indian  settlement  near  Bale  Verti>, 
and  he  mentions  the  cabins  of  live  or  six  families  of  Indians  between  Fort 
Gaspereau  and  Bay  Verte.  ^^ 

4i     The  Richihucto  District. 

On  the  small  island  at  Shediae,  called  finlinn  fslamt,  are  remains  of  a  small  fort  to 

be  described  later  ;  possibly  it  was  not  a  French,  but  an  Indian  fort.     It  is 

said  then'  were  formerly  important  camping  groimds  at  the  mouths  of  the 

Shediae  and  Scatlouc  Rivers.     There  is  a  small  reserve  at  Shediae  not  now 

.      occupied. 

A. — Indian  Point,  Buctouche.  A  plan  of  1794  marks  "Indian  Vilhige"  jnst 
west  of  the  point,  between  it  and  Mescogones,  or  Black  River.  The  present 
Buctouche  Settlement  and  Reserve  is  about  two  miles  west  of  feuctouche 
Village. 

B. — Richibucto.  A  lai-ge  Indian  village  and  Fort  formerly  existed  on  this  river. 
It  is  first  distinctly  retVrred  to  by  Denys  in  1()72  (p.  17()),  who  says  it  stood 
on  the  bordi'r  of  the  basin.     "  Le  Capitaine  de  Rechibouctou    ...     a  sur 


( 


"'  I 


;         1 

;       1 

i  ■   , 

1„J 

..--SEi^sasi^i^saRBai 


11 


[ganonoJ 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


231 


le  bord  dii  bassin  de  cette  riviere  un  Fort  fait  de  pieux  assez  gros,  avec  deux 
formes  de  biistiuiis,  >Sc  dans  lequol  est  sa  cabaiine  &  les  autres  sauvages  c;b- 
aniient  autour  de  luy."  The  fort  is  meiUioned  also  in  1088  by  St.  Valier.  Tiie 
local  tradition  is  that  this  village  was  on  hulian  Island,  just  inside  the  entrance 
to  the  harbour  on  the  south.  It  is,  however,  possible  that  it  stood  on  the  pres- 
ent site  of  the  town,  and  that  the  Indian  Island  settlement  was  later.  The 
present  Indian  Island  settlement  is  on  the  mainland,  opposite  the  island. 

Some  charts  mark  an  Imlhtu  VlJhuje  on  the  south  side  of  the  river,  below 
Kingston,  and  there  is  now  a  large  Indian  settlement  on  a  reservation  at 
Molus  River,  known  as  Big  Cove.  There  must  have  been  many  other 
important  villages  in  this  district. 

5.     The  Miramichi  District. 


}  ^' 


A. — Clearwater.  An  ancient  camping  ground  at  the  mouth  of  this  stream  is 
mentioned  by  Bailey  in  his  "  Relics  of  the  Stone-Age  "  (p.  0).  Mr.  Wm. 
]McInnes,  of  the  Canadian  Geological  Survey,  who  has  examined  the  place, 
writes  me  as  follows  about  it :  "  In  the  angle  on  the  left  bank  of  these  streams 
there  were  to  be  seen  some  interesting  remains  of  old  defence  works,  con- 
sisting of  a  cellar-like  excavation  with  elevated  rim  towards  the  Miramichi, 
and  several  smaller  shelters  of  heaped-up  large  boulders  extending  down  the 
bank  of  the  river  at  intervals  of  fifty  yards  or  so  from  one  another,  each 
capable  of  concealing  two  or  three  men  only.  There  was  a  mound  also  about 
live  feet  high  by  eight  in  diameter,  which,  through  want  of  any  tools,  we 
were  unable  to  properly  examine.  On  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Clearwater 
I  dug  up  one  large  spear-head  with  several  broken  arrow-heads  of  quartz  or 
jasper.  These  were  lying  in  a  stratum  of  soil  and  ashes  about  ten  inches 
below  the  present  surface.  All  through  this  layer  of  ashes,  etc.,  were  to  be 
found  chips  and  broken  angular  pieces  of  the  red  jasper."  The  same  locality 
has  been  described  for  me  by  Mr.  John  Hayes,  of  Haycsville,  as  follows  : 
"  At  the  mouth  of  the  Clearwater  .  .  .  is  an  old  camping  ground.  There 
have  been  holes  dug  in  the  ground  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  across,  and  about 
six  feet  deep.  I  helped  to  dig  some  of  these  holes  out,  and  found  a  number 
of  stone  axes  and  lots  of  stone  arrow-heads,  whose  colour  is  dark  red  or  white. 
These  holes  are  nearly  filled  with  leaves  and  other  stuff  that  has  collected  in 
theni,  but  one  can  tell  where  they  are  quite  eiisily.  They  have  all  been 
walled  up  from  the  bottom  with  rough  stone."  It  is  plain  that  a  most 
interesting  locality  here  awaits  thorough  investigation. 

At  the  Forks,  mouth  of  Cains  River,  Indian  relics  have  been  foimd,  and 
the  locality  is  most  favourable  for  a  camping-ground. 

B. — Indiantown,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Renous.  Probably  an  old  settlement, 
though  I  have  found  no  special  reference  to  it.  There  is  a  reserve,  not  now 
occupied,  on  the  Renous. 

Several  branches  of  the  Miramichi  are  named  for  Indians  who  lived  on 
them,  probably  at  their  mouths.  Such  are  Or/ns,  TaxiK,  Rniou-o,  Bartholo- 
mews, Bamahyii,   BuHihoij.     (See  Phvce-N'omenclatiire,  page  LSit. ) 

C— Chalmers,  in  his  Geological  Report  for  1887,  N  31,  mentions  an  old  camp-site  a 
few  miles  above  iH'rby  .Junction. 

D.— Red  Bank.  This  a  large  sett  lement  on  a  reservation,  and  probably  an  ancient 
site.     It  is  probably  the  "old  Indian  Town  "  mentioned  in  1801  in  Coll.  N.  15. 

Sec.  II.,  istm.    in. 


r  I 


diMfa^ri^^i^itei:rt'::l^'«'>'*>w>*-3 


232 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


J  list.  Soc,    II.,  iio.     Across  the  river  from  it  is  anotlior  at  Jndian  Point. 
At  I'ijj;  Ilok",  near  the  mouth  of  the  Sevogle,  is  a  reserve  not  occupied. 

Tliere  is  also  said  to  have  been  a  campground  on  the  land  of  Chas. 
Sargeaiit,  above  Dotiglastown. 

E. — Eel  Ground,  above  Newcastle  ( in  Micmac  Nn-ihio-aan),    This  is  at  present  the 
second  largest  Micmac  settlement  on  the  Miramichi,  on  a  large  reservation. 
Two  miles  atjove  Strawberry  Point  on  the  north  side  of  the  river  on  the 
shore  are  said  t(j  be  the  remains  of  an  old  Indian  burial-ground. 

F. — Burnt  Church.  This  is  one  of  the  most  ancient  and  important  Micmac  set- 
tlements in  this  district.  In  Micmac  it  is  called  Es-knn-oo-db-a-dich,  and 
without  doubt  this  is  the  place  called  tSL-inoubomlichc  in  St.  Valier's  narra- 
tive of  1(>S8.  It  was  here,  .'<t.  Valier  says,  the  three  leagues  of  land  offered 
to  the  Kecollels  for  a  mission  by  Sieur  Kichard  Denys  de  Fronsac  were 
chosen,  and  the  mission  was  established  in  KlSo-Sti,  and  probably  from  that 
time  to  the  present  it  has  been  occupied  by  the  Indians,  and  a  mission  nearly 
continuously  maintained.  In  1758  (ir  1759  the  church  was  btn-nt  by  the 
English,  originating  its  present  name.  This  mission  is  referred  to  by 
Ix'Clercq  in  his  work  of  Hi'Jl  on  Gaspe.  There  is  a  large  Indian  reserve 
here  and  a  considerable  settlement,  which  is  very  old.  P(!rley's  account 
of  its  favourable  situation  has  been  already  quoted.  A  brook  on  this  reserve 
is  called  "  Keserve  "  or  "Indian"  lirook. 

There  must  have  been  many  camp  sites  along  the  shores  of  Miramichi 
liay,  of  which  I  have  no  record.  On  the  south  side  of  Miramichi  Bay  there 
are  said  to  have  been  camp  sites  of  minor  importance  at  the  mouth  of  Pay 
<ln  ^'in  River,  at  Hardwicke.  and  on  the  eastern  shore  oi  Lower  Bay  du  Yin 
F.ay. 

G.  Indian  Point,  north  side  of  the  entrance  to  Tabusintac  Kiver.  An  accouiu 
with  niai),  of  the  locality  and  oi  Indian  ri'lics  found  there,  is  given  in  Bulletin 
of  the  Natural  History  Society  of  New  Brunswick,  No.  V.,  and  by  Chalmers 
in  his  Geological  Report  for  1887,  N  .'51. 

There  is  a  Reserve  <in  the  Tabusintac  not  now  occupied. 


(J.  The  Mepisigtdt  District. 

A. — Pokemouche.  On  this  river  is  an  Indian  reservation  not  now  occupied. 

I'erley  refers  to  a  fornu'r  reserve  in  his  Rt'port  of  1841. 
B.'Indian  Point,  south  of  Shippegan  Village.     A  favourable  situation,  probably 

much  used. 
C— Indian   Point,  ^Iisc(ju  Harbor.     So  given  on  an  old  plan,  and  no  doubt 

marking  an  old  camp-site,  (.see  ^laj)  No.  34). 
D. — Money  Island,  Aliscou  IIarb(U-.     This  is  said  to  have  been  a  favourite  Indian 

camping  ])lace  in  past  times,  and  there  is  an  Indian  burial-groimd  there. 
E.— Indian  Island  (or  St.  Peters  Island)  in  Bathurst  Harbor.     Now  an  Indian 

I{eserve,  and  occu))ied  by  a  very  small  .settlement.     There  is  also  a  reserve 

on  the  riser  at  Rough  Waters,  which  includes  an  island  known  as  l'rii<kx  or 

Iiidiiiii  hlntid.    No  doubt  there  wius  an  important  camp-site  at  Grand  Falls, 

below  which  the  salmon  fishing  is  particularly  good. 

Probably  there  was  a  camping-site  at  IwiUm  Falls,  as  implied  by  its 

name. 

No  doubt  too  there  were  sites  at  the  mouths  of  all  of  the  rivers  along 

the  Bay  Chaleur,  and  at  Caraquette,  but  on  these  I  have  been  able  to  obtain 

no  information. 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


7.    The   Restigouche  District. 


233 


A.— Old  Mission  Point.  The  tradition  among  both  Indians  and  wliites  is  that 
the  s?cttlenu'nt  now  at  ^fission  Point,  Quebec,  opposite  Campbellton,  wa.« 
loriiifrly  at  Old  Mission  I'oiut  on  the  New  Brunswick  side.  Ilerdman  in 
jiis  History  of  liostigouche  states  that  at  Old  Mission  Point  was  the  land 
granted  by  liichard  Denys  in  KiSo  for  a  ^lission,  and  that  there  was  formerly 
a  village  there,  stockaded,  with  a  chapel  and  burying  ground  within.  This 
is  probably  correct.  .Many  Indian  relics  have  been  found  on  the  point, 
and  many  skeletons  have  been  uneartlied  by  the  washing  away  of  the  banks. 
This  was  no  doubt  the  village  of  Kestgouch  mentioned  in  the  Jesuit 
Relation  of  1(142,  and  by  ,St.  Valier  in  lOSS.  The  movement  across  the 
river  must  have  taken  place  about  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  for  the 
fine  Survey  map  of  about  1754  marks  "  Village  Sauvage  "  on  the  Quebec  side. 
Ilerdman  states  that  they  removed  to  the  Quebec  side  in  174.'),  and  Plessis 
places  the  formation  of  the  mission  in  1739.  Yon  Velden's  map  of  17S5  has 
"  Indian  Village  La  Mission,"  on  the  Quebec  side,  and  he  states  they  have 
a  neat  log  church. 

Probably  there  were  camping-places  at  the  mouths  of  the  principal 
branches  of  the  Restigouche,  all  of  which  have  admirable  sites  for  the  pur- 
,pose. 

B. — Dalhousie.  This  place  affords  a  most  admirable  camping-site.  On  the  French 
Chart  of  about  1778  the  point  on  which  Dalhousie  stands  is  called //(du-nnc 
Poiiitc,-  and  the  island  lying  off  Dalhousie  is  Indienne  Isle.  Jnilinn  Point 
ocoirs  also  on  Purdy,  1814,  and  Bouchette,  1831. 

C. — Eel  P '  ver.  Here  is  an  Indian  reserve  and  a  settlement,  wliich,  as  the  fishing 
ffn    els  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  country,  is  probably  on  an  old  site. 

D. — Heron  Island.  In  Miomac  this  island  is  I'la-nc-grk,  and  LeClercq  in  ItiOl 
refers  to  it  as  a  famous  place  and  a  cemetery  of  the  Indians  of  Restigouclic, 
"I'lsle  de  Tisniguet,  lieu  fameux  et  ancien  cimetiere  des  Gasi)esiens  de 
Ristigoiiche." 

Indian  relics  have  been  found  at  the  mouth  of  .Tacquet  River,  indicating 
a  camp-site.  Probal)ly  there  were  camping-grounds  at  the  mouths  of  all  the 
rivere  of  this  coast  from  Eel  Hiver  to  Nepisiguit. 


"1; 


■f  ■■' 


3.     Indian  Routes  op  Travel  in   New  Brunswick. 

The  Indians  of  New  Brunswick,  like  others  of  North  America,  were, 
within  certain  limits,  great  wanderers.  For  hunting,  war,  or  treaty 
making,  they  passed  incessantly  not  only  throughout  their  own  territory 
but  over  that  limit  into  the  lands  of  other  tribes.'  The  Indian  tribes  of 
Acadia  have  never,  within  historic  times,  been  at  war  with  one  another) 
but  they  joined  in  war  against  other  tribes  and   mingled  often  with  one 

'  John  Allan  in  a  report  of  1793  (Kidder,  308)  says  :— "  The  very  easy  convey- 
ance by  the  Lakes,  rivers  and  Streams  so  Interspersed  in  thb  Country,  they  can 
easy  take  their  women  children  and  baggage,  where  ever  their  Interest,  Curiosity,  or 
caprice  may  lead  them,  &  their  natural  propensity  for  roving  is  such  that  you 
will  see  families  in  the  course  of  a  year  go  thro'  the  greatest  part  of  this  extent." 


234 


KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


another  for  that  and  other  reasons.     In  facilities  for  such   travel  our 
Indians  were  exceptionally  fortunate,  for  the  Province  is  everywhere 
intersected  by  rivers  readily  navigable  by  their  light  canoes.     Indeed,  I 
doubt  if  anywhere  else  in  the  world  is  an  equal  extent  of  territory  so 
completely  watered   by  navigable  streams,   or  whether  in   any   other 
country  canoe  navigation  was  ever  brought  to  such  a  pitch  of  perfection, 
or  80  exclusively  relied  upon  for  locomotion.     The  principal  streams  of 
the  Province  head  together  curiously  in  pairs,  the  country  is  almost  in- 
variably easy  to  travel  between  their  sources,  and  a  route  may  be  found 
in  almost  any  desired  direction,  features  which  come  out  well  in  the 
accompanying  map  of  New  Brun.swick,  showing  the  Indian  routes  of 
travel.     (Map  No.  12.)     But  it  was  not  only  this  fortunate  arrangement 
of  the  rivers  which  made  travel  easy,  but  also  the  way  in  which   the 
Indian  adapted  himself  to  it  by  the   construction  of  his  exquisite   birch 
canoe,  a  craft  which  has  excited  the  admiration  of  all  writers  from  Cham- 
plain  to  our  own  day,  and  which  is  a  constant  delight  to  all  of  us   who 
know  it  well.     A  Maliseet  canoe,  which  will  carry  four  persons,  weighs 
lass  than  a  hundred  pounds,  and  draws  but  a  few  inches  of  water.    On 
the  shallow  rivers  it  is  used  but  partly  loaded,  and  then  it  draws  not  over 
three  or  four  inches,  and  needs  a  channel  of  less  than  two  feet  in  breadth. 
A  skilled  canoe  man,  with  a  light  pole  of  nine  feet  in  length,  can  force 
Buch  d  craft  up  the  swiftest  of  rivers,  surmounting  rapids  and  even  low 
falls,  guiding  it  with  the  greatest  nicety  among  rocks  and  with  exactness 
into  the  deepest  places.     If  the  water  is  too  shallow  in  places  for  even  it 
to  float,  the  Indian  covers  its  bottom  with  "shoos"  or  splints  of  cedar,  and 
thus  drags  it  unharmed  over  the  wet  stones.     Finally,  when  the  head  of 
the  river  is  reached,  he  turns  it  upside  down  over  his  head,  allowing  the 
middle  bar,  on  which  it  exactly-  balances,  to  rest  across  his  shoulders,  and 
then  trots  off"  over  the  portage  path. 

The  rate  at  which  the  Indians  could  travel  upon  the  rivers  depended 
upon  the  character  of  the  river  channel,  its  amount  of  descent,  and 
whether  smooth  or  broken  by  falls,  upon  the  height  of  the  water,  and 
especially  upon  whether  they  went  with  or  against  the  current.  Up 
such  a  river  as  the  Tobique  they  can  go  but  twenty  miles  a  day,  though 
more  on  a  spurt,  but  they  can  descend  it  at  the  rate  of  sixty  or  more 
miles  a  day.  When  the  St.  John  is  at  freshet  height,  they  could  descend 
a  hundreil  or  more  miles  a  day,  but  could  ascend  only  a  fraction  of 
that  distance  again.st  it.  The  Indian  couriers  employed  to  carry 
despatches  between  Quebec  and  Nova  Scotia  in  the  last  century  often 
made  remarkable  speed.  Thus  Morris,  on  his  map  of  1749,  states  that  they 
passed  from  Chignecto  to  Quebec  by  the  St.  John  and  Quelle  in  seven 
days,  a  statement  almost  incredible.     Ddnonville  '  states  that  they  went  by 

1  See  later  page,  under  Portdge.s,  15  F. 


•Ij 


[ganonq] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


235 


the  Riviere  du  Siul  to  Port  Royal  in  eight  days,  which  is  easier  to  believe 
when  we  recall  the  swift  current  of  the  St.  John  in  spring." 

The  different  rivers  of  the  Province  ditfer  considerably  in  the 
amount  of  descent  from  their  heads  to  the  sea,  and  in  the  freedom  of  their 
channels  from  falls  and  rapids.  Thus  the  St.  John,  from  every  point  of 
view  the  most  important  of  our  ancient  routes  of  travel,  although  it  has 
a  considerable  descent,  and  hence  usually  a  rapid  current,  is  remarkably 
free  from  obstructions,  the  Grand  Falls  and  some  rapids  above  the  Alla- 
gash  being  the  only  real  impediments  to  continuous  canoe  navigation.  Of 
the  other  rivers,  all  of  those  in  the  more  level  ])arts  of  the  province,  particu- 
larly those  in  the  great  central  and  eastern  carboniferous  area,  have  but 
little  descent  and  have  cut  smooth  channels  from  the  soft  sandstone  rock. 
Such  are  the  KcnnebeoasiH,  Pelitcodiac,  Washademoak,  Salmon  River, 
Oromocto,  Richibucto,  and  the  Lower  Miramichi.  Again,  the  Resti- 
gouche,  though  flowing  in  a  hilly  country,  has  not  a  great  descent,  less 
tlian  500  feet,  and  has  cut  for  itself  a  smooth  channel  in  the  soft  limestone 
rocks.  On  the  other  hand,  the  rivers  of  Charlotte,  flowing  with  consider- 
able descent  over  hard  rocks  in  shallow  valleys  obstructed  by  glacial 
drift,  have  rough  channels,  with  many  rapids  and  falls.  This  is  yet  better 
marked  in  the  south  branch  of  Tobique,  the  Nepisiguit,  U])salquitch,  and 
Little  South  West  Miramichi,  which  rise  in  an  elevated  region  of  hard 
rocks,  and  thus  have  a  large  descent  usually  much  obstructed  by  falls  and 
rapids.  In  these  respects  the  hardest  of  all  of  our  rivers  for  navigation 
is  the  Little  South  West  Miramichi,  which  falls  twelve  hundrel  feet,  and 
has  .several  bad  falls  and  very  numerous  rapids.  The  Nepisiguit  is  alro 
a  rough  river.  Green  River  is  continuously  rajiid,  though  with  a  few 
small  falls,  while  the  Ma'dawaska  is  very  smooth  and  the  St.  Francis  is 
intermediate.  It  is  ])lair  that  in  selecting  their  routes  of  travel,  other 
things  being  equal,  the  rivers  of  least  descent  and  fewest  obstructions 
would  be  chosen,  even  in  preference  to  those  somewhat  shorter.  For 
this  reason,  no  doubt,  the  Restigouche  has  been  a  favourite  from  early 
times. 

Another  difficulty  which  the  canoemen  on  all  of  these  rivers  must 
face  is  the  low  level  to  which  they  often  fall  in  summer.  Low  water, 
when  it  cannot  be  avoided,  is  met  by  the  Indian  in  the  way  already  men- 
tioned ;  he  protects  the  bottom  of  his  canoe  by  wooden  splints  and  drags 
it  unhurt  over  the  wet  stones.  But  this  method  is  not  only  slow  and 
laboiious,  but  there  are  times  in  exceptionally  dry  seasons  when  some  of 
our  rivers  usually  navigable  become  qiiitc  impassable.    We  cannot,  how- 

'  John  Allan,  in  a  report  of  1793,  (Kidder,  307),  says  :  "  The  Indians  have  told 
me,  when  the  stream  was  rapid  they  have  delivered  letters  to  the  French  command- 
ing Officer  at  the  mouth  of  St.  John,  in  four  days  from  Quebec."  In  May,  1S88, 
Mcs.sra.  A.  W.  and  R.  B.  Straton,  of  Fredericton,  ran  in  a  birch  canoe  from  Grand 
Falls  to  Fredericton  in  one  day,  covering  the  130  miles  in  less  than  15  hours,  includ- 
ing all  8top.s.    Newspaper  accounts  published  at  the  time. 


I 


236 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


1 1; 


ever,  jud^ro  of  tlio  coiulitions  in  this  rospoct  in  prehistoric  times  by  tho 
present,  for,  as  a  result  of  clearing  away  the  forest,  many  of  our  rivers  in 
the  best  settled  districts  no  doubt  fall  now  much  below  the  level  they 
maintained  when  their  valleys  were  wooded.  This  is  not  only  confirmed 
by  analo,i,'y  with  other  countries,  but  is  illustrated  by  a  comparison  of  the 
levels  of  those  I'ivers  flowing  to-day  from  the  wooded  parts  of  the  prov- 
ince with  those  in  the  hcttled  districts.  The  former  will  carry  abumlant 
water,  while  the  latter  are  nearly  dry.  There  are  ditferences  in  this 
re8j)ect,  too,  according  as  the  rivers  have  lakes  upon  them,  storing  water, 
or  not.  Of  course,  the  degree  to  which  a  river  lield  its  water  up  in  sum- 
mer, was  an  important  factor  in  determining  its  value  as  a  route  of  travel. 
It  would  be  true  also  that  the  freshet  season  in  spring,  or  occasional  limes 
in  summer  and  autumn,  would  allow  streams  to  be  navigated  which  at 
ordinary  times  would  bo  impassable,  and  probably  there  were  portage 
routes  used  at  such  times  which  could  not  be  ordinarily  reached.  AVhen 
the  water  was  low,  too,  the  scacoasts  could  in  some  cases  be  made  pari  of 
such  a  route,  as  from  the  St.  John  to  Potilcodiac,  or  from  near  Bathurst 
to  the  St.  John,  via  the  Kestigouche. 

No  doubt,  an  Indian  in  selecting  his  route  of  travel  to  a  given 
point,  where  more  than  one  oll'ered,  would  average  up,  as  a  white  man 
would  do.  the  advantages  and  drawbacks  of  each  for  that  particular 
season,  taking  account  of  the  length  of  the  routes,  amount  of  falls  and 
portaging,  the  height  of  the  water,  etc.,  and  his  decision  would  be  a  result- 
ant of  all  the  conditions  and  would  bo  diti'erent  in  different  seasons.  It 
is  not  easy  to  understand  why  so  many  n>utes  from  tho  St.  John  to 
Quebec  were  in  u.se,  unless  some  ofleied  advantages  at  one  time,  others  at 
another. 

Between  the  heads  of  the  principal  rivers  were  portage  paths.  Some 
of  these  are  but  a  mile  or  two  long — lathers  longer.  Some  of  these  jiort- 
ages  are  still  in  use  and  unintluenceil  by  civilization.  A  good  type  is 
that  between  Nictor  Lake  and  Xepisiguit  Lake,  which  I  have  recently 
seen.  The  path  is  but  wide  enough  to  allow  a  man  and  canoe  to  pass. 
Where  it  is  crossed  by  newly  fallen  trees  the  first  passer  either  cuts  them 
out,  steps  over  them,  or  goes  round,  as  may  be  easiest,  and  his  example 
is  followed  by  the  next.  In  this  way  the  exact  line  of  the  path  is  con- 
stantly changing,  though  in  the  main  its  coui-se  is  kept.  No  doubt  some 
of  those  paths  are  of  great  antifiuity.  Gesner  states'  that  one  of  the  most 
used,  that  between  Eel  River  Lake  and  North  Lake,  on  tho  route  from 
the  St.  John  to  the  Penobscot,  had  been  used  so  long  that  the  solid  rocks 
had  been  worn  into  furrows  by  the  tread  of  moccasined  feet ;  and  Kidder^ 
quotes  this  and  commcKts  upon  it  as  probably  the  most  ancient  evidence 
of  mankind  in  New  England.     A  somewhat  similar  statement  is  made  by 

*  New  Brunswick,  89. 

-  Revolutionary  Operations,  80,  84. 


^ 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


237 


Monro'  as  to  tho  Misseguash — Baio  Vcrte  portage.  I  have  seen  some- 
thing very  .similar  on  the  old  portage  path  around  Indian  Falls  on  tho 
Nepieiguit,  but  I  am  inclined  to  think  it  is  tho  hco-nniled  and  spiked  shoes 
of  the  lurabcrraon  which  have  scored  these  rocks,  and  not  Indian  moc- 
ca.sin8 ;  and  it  is  altogether  likely  that  this  explanation  will  apply  also  to 
the  case  mentioned  by  Gesner,  whose  over-enthusiastic  temperament 
led  him  into  exaggerated  statements.  In  New  Brunswiclc  the  lines  of 
regular  travel  seem  to  have  i'oUovved  exclusively  the  rivers  and  the  port- 
age paths  between  their  heads,  and  there  is  no  evidence  whatever  of 
former  extensive  trails  leading  from  one  locality  to  another  through  tho 
Avoods,  such  as  are  well  known  to  have  existed  in  Massachusetts.  Tho 
ditTeronce  in  tho  distribution  and  navigability  of  the  riversampiy  explain 
this  ditTerence.  It  is  not.  of  course,  to  bo  su])posed  that  the  Indians  never 
departed  from  these  routes  ;  in  their  hunting  expeditions  they  und<>ui>t- 
edly  wandered  far  and  wide,  and  especially  in  the  valleys  of  the  sm:dlcr 
and  navigable  brooks.  Moreover,  they  undoubtedly  had  portages  used 
onl}'  on  rare  occasions,  and  also  at  times  forced  their  way  over  between 
streams  where  tliere  was  no  regular  route.'  but  in  general  the  main  livers 
gave  them  ample  facilities  for  through  travel  from  one  part  of  the  ])i'ov- 
ince  to  another,  and  they  had  no  other  method.  The  birch  canoe  was 
tho  universal  vehicle  of  locomotion  to  the  New  Brunswick  Indian;  it  was 
to  him  what  the  pony  is  to  the  Indian  of  the  West. 

The  labour  of  crossing  the  portages  was  always  severe,  but  the  Indians 
took,  and  take,  it  philosophically,  as  they  do  everj-thing  that  cannot  be 
helped.'  While  canoe  travel  in  good  weather,  on  full  and  easy  rivers,  is 
altogether  charming,  it  becomes  otherwise  when  low  water,  long  portages 
ami  bad  weather  prevail.  We  obtiun  vivid  pictures  of  its  hardships  from 
the  narratives  of  St.  V'alier,  and  from  several  of  iho  Jesuit  missionaries.* 

Since  many  of  the  portage  paths  are  still  in  use  by  Indians,  hunters, 
and  lumbermen,  their  positions  are  easy  to  identify,  and  many  of  iljom 
are  marked  upon  the  excellent  maps  of  ihe  (Geological  Survey.  Many 
others,  however,  have  been  long  disused,  and  have  been  more  or  less 
obliterated  by  settlement,  or  by  roads  which  follow  them,^  and  these  are 

'  See  Inter  page,  under  Portages,  7  A. 

=  In  their  liiiiitiiig  expoflitions  the  Indian.s  oCteii  left  tlieir  canoes  wliero  tho 
portages  were  long  and  ditilcult,  and  constructed  new  ones  of  spruce  bark  for  tem- 
porary use  on  lakes.  Gordon  refers  to  spruce  bark  canoes  (Wilderness  Journej'Si 
page  51),  as  does  Hind  (Geological  Iteport,  p.'ige  153).  Other  references  occur  in 
Thoreau,  Maine  Wood.s  (Ed.  1801,  p.  2(X3),  and  in  History  of  Houlton,  p.  -lo,  .John 
Gyles,  in  his  narrative  (p.  20).  .speaks  of  canoes  made  of  moo.se  hide. 

^  Allan  (U7,  1181,  gives  a  good  idea  of  this. 

••  See,  for  instance,  Jesuit  Relations,  xxxvii,  245. 

■■■' Whites  and  Indians,  actuated  by  the  same  motives,  i.  e.,  to  lind  the  shortest 
and  easiest  route  between  two  river  basins,  would  naturally  run  portage  i)aths  and 
highway  roads  over  the  same  course.  This  was  the  case  with  the  Eel  River-North 
Lake  portage  and  many  others. 


238 


KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


not  marked  ui)on  our  recent  nia])s,  1  have  made  a  spei'ial  cfTort  to  deter- 
mine the  exact  courHos  of  tliesc  portages  bef'oie  tliey  arc  lost  forever,  and 
whore  I  have  been  able  to  find  them  by  the  aid  of  residents,  I  have  given 
them  on  the  small  maps  accompanying  this  paper,  (Maps  No.  2-11.)  All 
portages  known  to  me  are  marked  upon  the  map  of  New  Brunswick,  in 
the  Pre-historic  or  Indian  period  accompanying  this  paper  (Map  No.  12), 
and  their  routes  of  travel  arc  in  red  on  the  same  map.  The  lines  show 
how  thoroughly  intersected  the  province  was  by  their  loutes.  This  map 
does  not  bj'  any  moans  mark  all  of  the  navigable  rivers,  but  only  those 
which  formed  parts  of  through  routes  of  travel.  The  relative  import- 
ance of  the  routes  I  have  tried  to  represent  by  the  breadth  of  the  lines, 
the  most  important  routes  having  the  broadest  lines. 

Many  of  the  most  ancient  portages  had  distinct  names,  but  I  have 
not  recovered  any  of  these.  Kidder  gives  as  the  ancient  Indian  name  of 
the  I'^cl  Itiver-North  Lake  Portage,  the  name  Metagmouchchcsh  (vari- 
ously spelled  by  him),  and  I  have  heard  that  more  than  one  was  called 
simply  "The  Hunters  Portage"  by  the  Indians,  possibly  to  distinguish 
the  less  important  ones  used  only  in  hunting  from  those  of  the  through 
routes.  When  Portages  are  spoken  of  at  this  day  they  are  usually  given 
the  name  of  the  place  towards  which  the}'  lead  ;  thus,  a  [lerson  on  the 
Tobique  would  refer  to  the  portage  at  the  head  of  that  river  as  the 
Nepisiguit,  or  the  liathurst  Portage,  and  on  the  Nepi.siguit,  he  would 
speak  of  it  as  the  Tobique  Portage.  This  usage  seems  to  be  old,  and 
perhaps  is  widespread.  Thus  Bishop  Ple-isis,  in  his  journal  of  1812, 
speaking  of  the  portage  between  Tracadie  and  Tabusintac  Rivers  (the 
latter  leading  to  Neguac)  says  (page  1(J9)  :  "We  reached  a  portage  of 
two  miles  which  the  ])eople  of  Tracadie  call  the  Nigauek  Portage,  and 
those  of  Nigauek  the  Tracadie  Portage."  ' 

The  situations  of  many  of  the  old  portages  are  preserved  to  us  in 
place  names.  Thus  we  have  Portage  Bridge,  at  the  head  of  the  Misse- 
guash  ;  Portage  Bank,  on  the  Miramichi,  near  Boiestown  (not  on  the 
maps);  Portage  River,  on  the  Northwest  Miramichi,  also  as  a  branch  of 
the  Tracadie,  also  west  of  Point  Escuminac,  and  ahso  south  of  it ;  Port- 
age Brook,  on  the  Nepisiguit,  leading  to  the  Upsalquitch ;  Portage  Lake, 
between  Long  and  Serpentine  Lakes  ;  Portage  Station,  on  the  Inter- 
colonial Railway.  Kingston  Creek,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Belleisle,  was 
formerly  called  Portage  Creek.  Anagance  is  the  Maliseet  word  for  Port- 
age ;  and  Wagan  and  Wagansis,  on  the  liestigouche  and  Grand  River,  are 


'Probably  Cumberland  Bay,  on  Grand  Lake,  is  another  case,  as  it  was  on  an 
old  route  to  Cumberland.  This  same  bay  is  called  on  the  DeMeuUea-Franquelin 
map  of  1680  Pichkotkouet,  which  seems  like  a  form  of  the  Indian  name  for  the 
Petitcodiac.  Again,  on  Lake  Metapedia,  is  a  river  called  the  Matane,  from  which, 
I  believe,  there  was  a  portage  to  the  Matane.  Yet  another  example  may  be  the 
name  Nipisigouichich,  "  Little  Nepisiguit,"  applied  on  the  DeMeulles-Franquelin 
map  to  the  Nictor  branch  of  the  Tobique,  which  does  lead  to  the  Nepisiguit. 


^^ 


[flANOSO] 


HISTOHIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


239 


tho  Micmac  for  Portage,  and  a  diminiitivo  of  it.  Portage  Island  has 
probably  a  ditferonl  origin,  as  I  have  eisowlicro  shown.'  The  word 
Portage,  a.s  applied  to  a  road,  liowever,  by  no  means  implies  that  there 
wa.s  formerly  a  portage  path  in  that  vicinity  ;  for  it  has  been  adopted  by 
liimbonnen,  and  is  applied  by  them  to  the  roads  over  which  they  haul 
their  supplies  to  tiie  lumber  camps,  ami  in  this  sense  it  occurs  several 
times  upon  our  best  maps,  and  is  thus  uf.cd  in  some  books.  Moreover, 
the  first  roads  built  by  tho  whites  between  rivers  were  called  Portages  ; 
thus  wo  have  the  Avery  portage  from  Nashwaak  to  the  Miramichi,  and 
the  Jirown  portage,  from  Shikatehawk  to  Miramichi. 

Very  iinjiortaiit  testimony  upon  the  location  of  ancient  portage- 
roules  is  given  us  not  only  in  the  works  of  Cluimplain,  Lescarbot,  Denys 
and  others,  but  especially  by  the,  (for  its  time)  very  lino  map  of 
Franquolin-DeMeulles  of  lOSfl,  reproduced  in  tho  preceding  monograph 
of  this  series,  page  'MA.'  in  many  eases,  it  shows  portage-routes  by 
connecting  the  rivers  by  a  continuous  lino,  as  may  readily  be  seen  by 
comparing  it  with  a  modern  mii}),  or  with  Map.  No   lli  in  this  paper. 

The  most  important  of  the  Indian  routes  of  travel  were  along  the 
sea-coasts  and  along  the  St.  John  River,  and  the  latter  was  even  more 
important  than  the  former.  I  shall  accordingly  treat  it  first  in  detail, 
and  then  pass  to  consider  its  communication  through  its  branches  with 
the  important  inhabited  basins,  tho  Passamaquoddy,  Penobscot,  Petit- 
codiac,  Miramichi,  llestigouche,  St.  Lawrence,  at  the  sarao  time  consider- 
ing the  communication  of  these  basins  with  one  another.  I  have  tried  to 
make  the  following  list  complete,  and  think  1  have  missed  very  few,  if 
any,  of  the  portage  routes. 

The  remarkable  ease  of  communication  of  the  St.  John  Rivor  with 
the  other  rivers  has  attracted  attention  of  every  writer  from  Champlain, 
Lescarbot  and  Denys  down  to  those  of  tho  present  day.  It  is  really  a 
most  remarkable  fact  about  this  river,  that,  stretching  away  through  the 
centre  of  the  great  New  Brunswick-Maine  peninsula  as  it  does,  it  should 
send  navigable  branches  into  such  close  and  easy  communication  with 
every  other  river  system  in  that  peninsula.' 

1.    AloTKj  the  St.  John. 

Of  all  Indian  routes  of  travel  in  what  is  now  the  Province  of  New 
Brunswick,  tlie  most  important  by  far  wiis  that  along  the  River  St.  John. 
This  river  was,  and  is,  an  ideal  stream  for  canoe  navigation.  It  not  only  luis 
easy  communication  with  every  other  river  system  in  tliis  and  the  neigh- 

1  Place  Nomenclature,  page  263. 

''  Unfortunately  the  Ottawa  copy  of  this  important  map,  from  which  the  cut  in 
my  monograph  was  made,  is  full  of  errors  and  omits  many  names,  as  proven  by  a 
copy  recently  corrected  for  me  by  careful  comparison  with  the  original  in  Paris. 

'^  The  physiographic  explanation  of  the  fact  is,  however,  plain.  It  depends  upon 
past  change!  in  our  river-systems,  by  which  certain  rivers  have  robbed  tho  water 
from  the  heads  of  others ;  the  portage  paths  follow  parts  of  ancient  valleys. 


240 


ROYAI,  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


hoiiriiin  i)rnviiic(s,  hut  il  is  in  iiHcIf  viTV  fiiny  to  travel.  Tlimiifili  iimsl  (if  it." 
coiirsc  till' wiitiT  is  iifvcriiiii  low  fur  p mm  1  ciiiiof  niivijriitiiiti,  miuI  il  lias  few 
i':i|)iils  mill  lull  ii  sin;;lr  \i\v;\\  I'iill. 

The  SI.  .Iiiliii  rifcs  in  Miiiiic  iiml  its  liciul  wiilcrs  iiiii  rlm'k  with  iliusc  of 
llif  I'ciKilisci.i.  Mini  with  tilt'  I'Ufliciniii  ll.iwiii;;  iiiln  iIm'  Si.  I.uwniu'c  ncur 
<iiiclicf.  .\  ;,'ci(  1(1  (1( 'Script inn  df  lis  ciilirc  cciiirsc  is  driven  in  Hiiilcy's  "  SI. 
.Idliii  liivcr."  Its  ni)ii('r  ciiiirsc  is  cnsy  nf  iiiivii^iitinii,  (•(Hisisiiii','  nf  loiic 
ilciidwiitcrs  hnikcii  liy  slhirl  st  rctclics  of  nipids.  l-'mm  Seven  Isiiinds  to  the 
.Mliiiiasli  il  is  more  riipid  and  its  lied  more  rocky,  and  il  passes  scveriil  liad 
rai)i(ls.  llelow  the  .Mhifiash  to  Kdmimdston  il  is  swill  and  with  some 
rapids,  hnt  none  which  are  (lan;;erons,  nor  dilliciilt  lo  siirmoiint,  Knnn 
Kdinnndstoii  lo  (Jrand  Falls  the  current  is  ^'enlle,  and  there  arc  many  (piict 
stivlchcs.  .Vl  (irand  Falls  it  dmiis  in  all  one  hundred  and  lifty  feel.  The 
old  porlatjc  is  across  the  neck  .ui  the  wt'st  side;  its  course  is  now  mo>ily 
obliterated  by  the  biiililiiiiis  of  the  villajre,  hut  ils  exact  orijriiial  coiii>e  is 
shown  on  the  orijjinal  survey  plan  of  the  town  of  Colebrooke  i  former  name 
of  the  village).  The  (irand  I'"alls  portage,  now  often  spoken  of,  is  simp! >  the 
road  from  Aroostook  to  the  Falls.  From  llie  Falls  lo  Tolii(|Ue  the  river  is 
very  swift,  and  broken  by  some  rajiids  re(|uirin;;  careful  navijralioii  :  and 
from  Tobi(pie  to  Woodslock  its  course  is  everywhere  swifl.biil  without 
rapids  of  any  accouiil.  l'"roni  Woodslock  lo  Sprinjrbili,  alioxc  j'reiU'rii'lon, 
the  currenl  is  niosliy  swifl,  and  llicrc  is  (jiie  bad  rapid,  the  Mednclic  I'alls, 
but  there  are  many  (piiel  reaches  iind  some  deadwaler.  I'rom  Spriiurhiil  to 
the  nioulli  the  lide  llows.  On  the  lower  pan  of  I  he  ri\ir  are  a  lew  local 
])ortaL'es.  .\ii  old  plan  marks  ii  porlajie  across  ihe  neck  al  (ia.Ltelown,  where 
tile  canal  now  is.  .\iiollier  jilaces  one  belwceii  the  l'i)per  Keyhole  on 
(irand  Fake,  and  Maipiapit  Lake,  a  distance  of  somewhat  less  than  two 
miles.  .Vnother,  of  much  importance  in  shorleiiinj;  distance  on  the  h'Wfr 
river,  was  a  much  travelled  path  from  I'ortaf^e  (now  Kiiijistoii)  Creek  near 
^  the  nuiiilli  of  the  Uelleisle  across  to  Keiinebccasis,  and  a  road  was  early 
made  throii<;h  here  and  used  in  the  last  contiiiy  in  iraNcllin;^  with  trams 
on  the  ice  from  S|.  .John  to  I'redericlon.  The  I'lprtajxe  is  marked  on  the 
.Morris  maj)  of  I7(l.'>.  and  others,  and  Ihe  road  is  on  1!.  ('am[ibeirs  of  17SS. 
At  the  mouth  of  the  river  art  Ihe  Falls,  passable  ii-r  caiioes  but  for  a  few 
minutes  on  each  tide  at  slack  '\,'ier,  iind  to  avoid  these  there  was  a  iioriaji^c 
path  across  the  narrowesi  part  of  he  neck  from  Mai'ble  Cove  to  nearly  oppo- 
site Navy  island.  This-  ])ori.;.'(  is  shown,  lliouj;li  crudely,  on  C'hamplain's 
iii.i[>  of  the  harbiairof  KlOf.  an  1  in  detail  on  linu'e"s  tine  map  of  the  harbour 
of  I7('d,  which  shows  also  a  portajie  from  .Mill  Cove  on  the  I  larbonr  across  to 
the  Marsh  Creek  by  the  route  now  followed  liythe  Intercolonial  Itailway.  and 
another  across  Green  Head,  where  the  canal  now  is.  On  Wilkinson's  map 
Drnry  Cove  on  the  Keiinebccasis  is  markod  "Portage,"'  which  no  doubt 
marks  a  much  used  porta<?e  to  the  ^larsh  Creek,  and  a  route  thence  to 
Courteiiav  Uiiw 


2.  St.  John — Passamnquoddy. 

A.— Along  the  Sea-coast.  My  this  natural  and  easy  route  the  Indians  ptill 
travel  in  Huminer  in  tlu'ir  birch  canoes.  Though  the  coa.st  is  bold,  harbours 
are  very  frequent,  and  heiace  danger  from  storms  slight.  At  Point  Lepreau 
the  t'ddies  are  dangerous,  and  to  avoid  them  there  was  used  a  path  from 


:t 


[OANONfl] 


IllSTOKIC  SITKS  IN  NKW  BIUINSWICK 


241 


Iluliiin    ('u\('    ju.-l     In    llic    Wc-I    III'    the    |iiii||t.    wliclr    1  licic  is  -t  ill  ;i  cMlllliI  IIJ^- 

jfriimul,  iici'iiss  111  I  111'  Ih'iu'Ii  IimIi  \\iiy  ImIwimmi  IhuU  ('ii\c  iiiiil  the  I'niiil.' 
I  liivvi'  iiUii  liccii  told  liy  olil  roiilciils  liial  ilierc  wen-  I'luiiu'ily  |iiilli>  or 
■ti^iils  friiiii  nciir  llic  liri(lt;r  mi  I,t|irr;iii  I'.iisiii  uvcr  (u  the  hcail  ni'  l»i|i|n'r 
Uiirlmr,  II  ilisiiini'i' III' less  tliiiii  two  miles.  Tlu'sr  witc  |)ll,<^  ilily  fnriiu'r  jmr- 
V,\<ivf.  Tlu'it' i<  a  \i  ry  slialliiw  valley  fnnii  the  lieail  nl  Lepieaii  I'aciii  nxer 
to  a  (leadwater  nii  Munse  Creek  aliiiiil  a  mile  away,  w  hence  the  ilesceiit  is 
I'iisy  iiilii  i.ilili  l>i|i|ier  llailinr,  Init  1  '•amiut  HikI  iliat  aii>-  iinrlatre  |alli 
went  ilii'niij.'li  this  WAV.  Nearl'iiini  I,e|ireaii  on  early  I'reiich  maiis  i-  a 
IInii'i  ihi  I'lirhii/f,  which  nil  l",n;_'lisli  iiiajis  is  ('(irriiii/i  Hiiiln>r  i  see  my  I'lace- 
Nomeiiclatiire.  pajje  :.'■.'■">  >.  ()iiaiinlil  plan  ni' hel'me  I7s4  the  name  is  ap|  lied 
tn  hippi  r  liailiiii-,  while  mi  Wri^rhi's  tine  map  nl'  177:.'  it  is  ;;i\eii  in  the  lirsi 
CdVe  east  lit'  the  pnilil.  i'mihtless  the  name  refers  til  the  iisenj'ihe  ci.\e 
as  pari  ul'  the  pmta^re  rniite. 

B.— South  Oromocto-Lepreau.  This  was  im  dmilil  an  iinimiiurtani  rmite  used 
only  liy  himtiii};  parlies,  iie\eras  a  tliriiiij;h  ruiile.  It  is  Uimwii  In  me  nnly 
i)y  its  presence  on  .Malmocrs  survey  map  of  |s:;7,  w  here  it  occurs  as  ••  Indian 
I'ortajfe,  distance  ahoiii  L'l  miles,"  running;  frmii  'roimiowa  nr  Cranlni  ly 
Lake  to  the  southern  I'lid  of  South  Oroinocto  Lake.-  The  south  liraiich  of 
Oroniocto  is  hard  to  navijiate  hecanse  of  its  low  water,  and  the  Lepreau  I c- 
caiise  iif  its  incessant  liea\  >  rapids  tiii<i  falLs. 

C— OromoctO-MagaguadaviC.  This  route  seems  to  have  been  coiisideraMy 
Used.     It  is  iiieniiuned  nil   the   .Morris  map  uf   I7s|  and  el.»ew  here,  and   is 

silOWIl  cleai'lv  in  the  l-'ielil-hiink  uf  the  lleddell  and  ('lliililiell  survey  iif 
I7!lii-17!i7.  .Vs  there  marki'd.  it  runs  frmu  jiisl  almve  the  Stuiies  I'.riMik 
of  the  modern  maiis  to  near  the  simtherii  end  of  the  lake,  and  is  stated  to 
he  three  mile- Imii;.  The  i  (romocto  is  t'airly  easy  nf  na\i;,'atimi.  except  fur 
its  liiw  water,  lint  the  .Majiaj,'iiadavii'  is  much  luoUeii  liy  rapids  and  falls. 
According  to  .M.  II.  I'erley,  it  was  hy  this  route  in  I7iil  an  e.\plurin;j,'  parly 
led  liy  Israel  I'erley  reached  the  .*^t.  John  from  .Machias.  <)\ir  this  nnue, 
too,  went  ('a|itain  West  with  a  ])arty  in  1777.  relreatinji  frmu  the  .^i.  .Inhn. 
(Kidder,  111,  IKIi.  In  .Mian's  ma[)  of  17Mi  the  imrta^'e  ruuie  frum 
Ma;iaguada\  ic  in  (trunioctu  clearls'  runs  u|)  the  I'iskaliejiaii  and  thruui;:h 
two  small  lakes,  i  I'eltuma  and  Little  Lakes.)  hut  I  have  no  other  inl'ur- 
matimi  ahout  such  a  ruute.  This  wnnld  bi'  a  shorter  rmile  between  the 
muutlis  uf  I  he  1  wu  rivers. 

l'"i'um  the  Ma;iai;uailavic  there  was  a  purtajre  tu  ihe   ."^i.Cruix.     Ii    is 

marked  as  "  I'orta.u'e  said    by   Iniliaus  to  leail   |u  the  Chepiunatit k  "'   in 

the  Iledilen  and  Camplull  Field-buok  of  1 7".M;-17'.t7.  It  siaiis  frmu  Cran- 
berry Ilrook  oil  Lake  Ma'.raj,'uadavic  ami  luubahly  ran  tu  the  Second  Lake  uf 
the  LittU'  nijrdeyiiash  chain  uver  a  very  rouffli  but  not  hilly  country.  It  is 
meiuioned  also  by  .Mian  in  I7it:;  (  Kidder,  .'UMi),  and  by  ( iesiier  in  his  I'uurtb 
Iteijort  on  the  (ieolujry  of  N.  !>.,  40. 

Tlu're  was  another  [lortage  of  some  importance  fromtlii'  .Map»jj;uadavic 
tu  the  Letanjf.  from  near  the  south-eastern  extremity  of  Lake  rto[)ia.  It  is 
described  by  John  Mitcliel  in  his  ^Is.  Field  Book  (now  in  the  libiniry  of  the 
Maine  Historical  .'Society)  of  his  survey  fif  TassanuKiuuddy  in  17(14,  as 
follows  : — "The  depth  of  Sd.  Cove  (i.  e.  that  at  the  south  eastern  extremity 

1  Aa  I  have  been  told  by  Mr.  Tliomas,  keeperof  tlio  Lightliouse,  and  have  myself  seen. 
-  It  is  shown  in  p.irt  on  a  map  in  Unlk'tln  of  the  Natural  HUtory  Society  of  New  Brunswick, 
No.  XVI.,  page  50. 


« i»g»ai.V!/4;niajr-..T.x--; : 


242 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


//•' 


I!) 


of  Lake  Utopia,  called  by  him  the  '  I'oiid')  w  oGO  Ivods  aboul  ?0>  Knds  Up 
Sd.  Cove  there  i.s  an  Indian  Carrying  ])liice  whii'ii  g(jeH  a  Cross  to  the  Salt 
Walter  these  are  the  Conrses  of  Sd.  Carrying  place,  viz  :  N.  .'iO,  W.  oO  Kods  ; 
N.  40  Rods  ;  N.  :>7,  M'.  oO  Rods  these  ('(jurses  is  tacken  from  the  Salt  waller 
and  Runn  towards  the  pond."  The  portage  is  marked  on  Ihe  Iledden  and 
Campbell  map  of  1707  and  on  several  plans.  One  can  easily  see  where  it 
started  near  the  end  of  the  cove  and  went  over  the  lowest  part  of  the  riilge, 
entirely  in  what  is  now  open  fields. 

The  portage  around  the  falls  at  St.  George  waij  a  short  distance  to  ihe 
ea,stward  across  the  narrowest  part  of  the  neck.  It  is  marked  on  the 
Iledden-Campbell  map  and  menli(jned  by  Captain  Owen  in  his  .lournal  of 
1771,  though  he  gives  it  far  too  great  a  distance  from  the  falls. 

Purdy's  nia]i  of   ISU   marks   a  portage 
"fnmTian  of/JZJ  I  from  the  IMagaguadavic  to  the  I'iskahegan, 

but  this  is  no  doubt  an  error,  and  meant 
to  leatl  to  the  Oromocto. 
D.— Pokiok-Magaguadavic.  Probably  not  nmch 
u.sed.  The  lleddi'U  and  Camjibell  Field-book 
gives  from  Mud  Lake  a  "  Tortage  to  R.  Pe- 
knyauk"  and  the  portages  between  Little 
^lagaguadavic  and  ]\Iud  Lakes  are  fully 
shown  on  their  map.  A  plan  of  1S127  marks 
a  direct  path  from  Little  Magaguadavic  Lake 
to  Lake  George,  and  reads,  "Indian  Road 
to  Lake  George,  ;>  miles,"  which  nuist  mean 
8  miles.  This  portage  is  also  mentioned  bj- 
Ward  (p.  (Ki). 
E.— Eel  River-Chiputneticook.  This  was  one  of 
the  most  used  and  important  of  all  the  ancient 
Indian  routes  of  travel  in  this  part  of  America, 
for  it  not  only  formed  the  chief  route  from 
till'  St.  .lohn  to  PassanuKjuoddy,  but  as  well 
was  part  of  the  great  route  to  the  Penobscot. 
This  route  from  the  St.  John  to  the  Scoo- 
dic  La!es  in  Maine  is  fully  described'  in  tlie 
Journal  of  Colonel  John  Allan,  who  pa.ss'd 
over  it  in  1777  with  a  large  company  of  In- 
dians, and  passed  by  the  Scoodic  to  Ma- 
chias.  He  gives  as  the  Indian  name  of  the 
Eel  River — North  Lake  portage,  ^letagmou- 
chschesh.  It  is  shown  on  Allan's  map  of 
17S(),  on  Rouchette,  18ir>,  and  on  many 
others  since  then,  andalso  on  an  Indian  ^lap 
of  17!tS.-  It  wa.s  by  tliis  route  John  Gyles 
was  brought  to  New  Brunswick  in  1(18(1,  but 
his  a<'count  of  it  i.s  very  brief  in  his  narrative.  There  is  some  account  of 
it  in  Bangor  Historical  Magazine,  1892,  159. 

The  lower  part  of  Eel  River,  below  the  present  village  of  Benton,  is  nn  • 
navigable  for  canoes  because  of  falls  and  rapids,  which  were  avoided  by  the 

1  In  Kidder's  "Revolutionary  Operations,"  pp.  117-123. 

-  In  the  Library  of  the  Maine  Uiatorical  Society,    Itcproduced  in  Magazine  of  American  History, 
XXVI.,  204. 


i 


ahvval 


Map  No.  2.     The  Meddctic- 

Ekl  Riveh  Portage. 

From  ft  plan  of  1827  ;  x  J. 


"K\ 


[ganoxg] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


243 


Meductic  Portagi'.  Tliiw  starU'd  at  Moductic  Flat  and  went  through  the 
Gully  a  short  distance  below  ^leductic  Fort  and  Village,  and  ran  to  near 
Benton  in  a  course  not  very  diff<_.tint  from  the  present  highway,  generally 
soinewliat  north  of  it.  An  old  plan  of  it  is  given  herewith  (Map  No.  2, 
also  No.  5).  This  Portnge  is  also  mentioned  by  John  Gyles  in  his  nar- 
rative of  1689. 

Above  Benton  the  river  is  very  ea.sily  navigable,  consisting  of  deadwaters 
separated  by  short  rapids  or  falls  to  the  First  I.,ake.  Thence  the  portage,  about 
three  miles  long,  runs  somewhat  to  the  south  of  and  not  far  from  the  course 
of  the  present  highway  across  to  North  Lake.  Its  direction  is  well  shown  on 
the  accompanying  map  (Map  No.  3,  also  No.  5).     It  is  of  this  portage  that 


\ 


'// 1 1  y? 


""^ra-^ 


/ 


Map  No.  3.    The  Eei.  River-Chiputneticook  Portage, 
From  a  plan  of  1835 ;'  x  i. 

G'sner  iia  ih'^  solid  granite  rocks  were  hollowed  by  the  wear  of  ages  of 
mojcasined  feet,  a  statement  I  doubt  (see  earlier,  page  2.'!(i).  North  Lake 
i.ipti^s  by  a  thoroughfare  into  Grand  Lake,  \vhence  starts  the  portage  to  the 
?»nobf-oot,  later  to  be  described  (see  below  '.\  A).  In  pa.«sing  from  Grand 
t  '  C'hepneck  lake  a  portiige  is  necessin  ♦^■^  ^id  the  falls,  and  this  runs  from 
Vad  Jjuke,  below  Forest  City,  across  tiu-  neck  (map  No.. 5).  It  is  mentioned 
V)'-  Allan.  The  St.  Croix  is  rather  diflioult  of ;  avigation  to  the  buy  ;  it  is  much 
bioken  by  falls  and  r.i^.ids  inter.'^pei'sec'.  between  considerable  deadwaters. 
From  the  Scoodic  Lakes  ti\ere  is  a  jio -tage  to  the  Machias  (see  below)  and 
another  to  the  Penob,«cot  (li  B). 

In  the  riiiUe  down  the  St  Croix  in  Cobscook  Bay  there  wa.^^  a  portage  ^-o 
Meddyhemps  Ijiike,  ami  Uienc  ■  ihe  roi'te  lay  down  the  Detiys  River.  This 
portage  is  clearly  sho'vn  on  ;i  plar  drawn  by  Francis  Josej)h,  an  Indian, 
and  now  in  ]K)b,«essio:i  of  il'.e  ,\Ii>i<it  Historical  Society,  a  copy  of  which  is 
given  herewith  ;^Ma;»  No.  >).  The  portage  probably  started  from  the  stream 
W.'>nse(hiegan  ^^-oj'h-en  '  >  Colby's  .\tlas  of  Washington  Co.,  Maine).  The 
Indian  mop  shews  ai->  ^  port.ig'  to  Round  Kake,  whence  a  stream  leads  to 
the    present  Peni)an-.ac\  M'     •n  which  is  now  the  to'vn  of  Pembroke.     It 


'■<'^**')dH 


244 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


is  no  doulit  tlio  ^Nfi'ddybeinps  Lake  and  Stream,  known  throngh  its  use  aa  a 
jxirtage  route,  wliicli  is  shown  on  D'Anville's  liiie  map  of  1755;  and  with 
the  portage  made  a  stream,  as  is  not  \mcomm.)n  on  early  maps,  it  is  shown 
also  on  the  Green-Jofferys  map  of  tlie  same  year. 

From  the  Scoodic  Lakes  there  was  a  portage  to  tlie  head  of  the  Machias 
River.  The  route  is  mentioned  by  Allan,  who  travei-sed  it  with  nnich  dith- 
cuUy  in  1777,  is  on  his  map  of  1780,  is  shown  fully  on  Kidder's  map  in  iiis 
"  Kevolutionary  Operations,"  and  it  is  elearly  shown  on  a  map  in  Coiby's 
Atlas  of  Washington  County.  It  ran  from  m-ar  the  eastern  end  of  the  lower 
Scoodic  Lake  to  Pokomoonshine  Lake  at  the  head  of  the  Machias. 


Thi"!  Plan  urai  done  m'lh  a.  Pencil  by 
rrancii  Joseph    iz^AJuit^  1798- and 
the  Lines  iollotved  aftenvarUt    untk 
Ink  tts  ntarly  ai  Pdasible 
R 


Map  No.  4.     Tue  St.  Croix-Cokscook-Maciiias  Poiitages. 
From  a  map  by  an  Indian  in  the  Lil)rary  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society  ;   x  J. 

From  Cob.«cook  Bay  to  the  ^lachias  thert>  wixs  a  route  through  tlie  Lakes 
in  the  township  of  Whiting.  It  is  very  clearly  shown  on  the  Francis  Joseph 
map  of  1708  herewith  given  (Map  No.  4). 


I 


3.   Passamaquoddy- Penobscot. 

A.  Grand  Lake-Baskahegan.  This  was  a  part  of  the  greatly-used  route  from 
the  St.  .lohn  to  the  Penobscot  via  Eel  Kiver  (2E).  Its  course,  as  given 
me  by  two  residents,  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  map  No.  5,  and  it  is 
describedbyoneof  them,' who  knows  it  thoroughly,  as  follows  :  It  left  Grand 
Lake  at  Davenport's  cove  and  ran  south  west  over  a  considerable  hill  two 
and  a  half  miles  to  Cleaves  Landing  on  the  Raskahegan,  a  mile  below  the 
])resent  railway  bridge  and  village.    The  Biiskahegan  is  easy  of  navigation  in 


Mr.  D.  Oilpatrick,  of  Danforth,  Me. 


-i.' 


[ganoxg] 


IlISTOKIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUiNSWICK 


24S 


ltd 


suminor  for  a  canoe.  The  route  is  also  marked  correctly  on  the  map  in 
Kidder's  "Revolutionary  Operations,''  and  also  on  an  Indian  map  of 
1798.1  Tliis  route  was  accurately  known  at  least  ivs  early  as  i7(i4,  for  it  is  men- 
tioned in  instructions  given  that  year  by  Governor  Bernard  of  Massachusetts, 
to  Surveyor  .Tohn  ^litchel. 

It  wiis  by  this  route  many  of  the  early  settlers  of  lloulton  came  from 
Maine,  as  related  in  the  Histories  of  lloulton. 

On  Wilkinson's  map  a  portage  is  marked  from  Baskahegan  Lake  directly 
lo  Pleasant  Lake  of  the  Scoodie  chain.     It  is  also  on  Allan's  map  of  17Sl3. 


B. 


-Scoodic-Passadumkeag. 

map  of  l.S.V.t.  It  appeared 
on  Allan's  map  of  17>S(i, 
on  Bouchette's  of  ISlo, 
and  others.  I  have  no  re- 
ference to  its  use,  but  n(.) 
doubt  such  may  be  found 
in  works  on  Maine.  In 
Featherstonhaugh  a  n  d 
Mudge's  Report  (p.  21) 
this  portage  is  said  to  form 
part  of  the  old  Indian 
route  from  Quebec  to  Pas- 
saniaquoddy.  passing  up 
the  C'haudiere  and  the 
Penobscot  and  down  tiiis 
river  to  the  Passamaqu(jd- 
dy,  and  they  state  this 
route  was  known  to  Tem- 
ple in  KHkS  (p.  L'2). 


4.   St.  John- Penobscot. 

A.  Eel  Hiver  -  Chiputneti- 
cook-Baskahegan.  This 
route,  l)y  far  the  most  im- 
portant between  tiie  two 
river  systems,  lias  already 
been  described  above  im- 
der2  E  and  .'!  A. 

B.— Aroostook— East  Branch 


The  portage  is    clearly  shown    on   Wilkinson's 


MaI'  Xo.  5.     POKTACKS  FROM  TIIE  S T.  JOHN  TO  TOE 

Penohscot  via  tiii:  Baskahegan. 


This  route  ran  through  the  Milnoket  lakes  tn 
the  East  Branch  of  Penobscot.  It  is  marked  on  Hubbard.  The  Aroostook 
is  very  easy  of  navigation. 
Allagash— Chesuncook.  A  much  travelled  ami  often  described  mute; 
marked  on  Wilkinson,  and  marked  and  described  by  Hut)bard.  it  formed 
also  a  part  of  a  route  from  the  St.  John  to  the  Kennebec.  There  are  other 
routes  between  the  Allagixsh  and  Penobscot,  all  of  which  are  so  fully  treated 
by  Hubbard,  and  so  much  out  of  the  geographical  limits  of  the  present 
paper  that  no  furtiier  reference  is  needed  to  them  here.  A  modern  rout<'  of 
an  muisual  kind  is  a  canal  between  Telos  Lake  on  the  Alhigash  and  Webster 
Pond  on  the  Penobscot. 


'  In  Magazine  of  American  Ulstory,  XXV'.,  264. 


246 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


D.— Baker  Lake— North-East  Branch  Penobscot.  Markod  on  Hubbard  and 
Wilkinson.  Between  Moonsungan  on  Aroostook  ami  Spider  Lake  on 
AJlagash  was  an  important  route,  marked  on  Wilkinson  and  Hubbard. 
This  was  no  doubt  the  main  route  from  the  St.  John  to  the  West  Branch  of 
Penobscot,  and  thence  to  the  Kennebec. 

Between  the  Little  :\Iachias  and  Upper  Eagle  Lake  of  the  Eagle  Lake 
chain  was  a  portage,  given  by  Wilkinson.  The  various  portages  between  the 
Eagle  Lakes  and  the  St.  John  are  all  on  Wilkinson's  map. 

5.     St.  John-Petitcodiac. 

A.— Alon<?  the  Sea-Coast.  No  doubt  this  route  was  often  used,  though  I  find 
no  1  rence  to  it.  The  mouths  of  the  streams  offer  good  landing  places  for 
canof.  '  •  lost  of  the  coast  is  very  bold,  auf'  most  dangerous  in  storms. 
Fovtl.;.  i  ■  uit  is  likely  that  the  Anagance  route,  next  to' be  mentioned, 
was  ofteii'-  i  '"   d  as  a  through  route. 

To  avoid  Cape  Enrage,  there 
was  a  portage  from  Salisbury  Bay 
into    Germantown     Lake,     and 
thence  down  the  Shepody  River. 
The  course  of  the  portage,  as  given 
me    by   a    resident,'    was    from 
Waterside  north  by  the  route  fol- 
lowed by  the  highway  and  pre- 
sent railroad  to  the  lake. 
B.— Kennebecasis-Anagance.     This 
wiis  an  easy  and  much-used  route, 
and  a  part  of  the  regular  route  to 
Nova  Scotia.     Morris,  on  his  map 
of  1784,  says  of  it :  "  By  Portage 
from  this  River  to  the  R.  Petiteco- 
diack  the  Indians  of  New  Bruns- 
wick have  communication  with 
the  Indians  of  the  Peninsula  of 
Nova  Scotia. ' '    The  Kennebecasis 
has  a  very  gentle  current  to  the 
portage,  and  the  Anag.ance  (from  the  Maliseet  Oo-m'-gunce,  aport.ige)  is  nearly 
a  dead-water  stream  to  the  Petitcodiac,  which  is  easily  navigable  to  its  mouth. . 
The  exact  route  of    the  portage,   as  given  me  by  a  resident,'-  is  shown 
on  map  No.  G.     It  leaves  the  Anagance  River  one-half  a  mile  west  of 
.\nagance  Station,  and  runs  directly  southwest  to  the  Kennebecasis,  dis- 
tance two  miles.     This  portage  was  made  the  starting  point  for  a  county 
line  in  1787.     It  is  mentioned  in  a  report  by  D.  Campbell  in  180.3,  who  calls 
it  an  Indian  portage  long  established,  and  says  that   it   was  formerly  the 
mute  of  communication  between  Fort  Beaiu-ejour  and  the  Acadian  settle- 
ments or;  the  River  St.  .lohn. 
— Washademoak-Petitcodiac.     This  was  a  route  nnich  used  in  travel  from 
the  Beausejour  (or  Cumlterland)  region  to  Quebec.     Tlu'  Washailei'ioak,  or 
Canaan,  River  is  fairly  easy  of  navigation  to  the  jxirtage.     Since  the  N(irth 

'  Mr.  J.  U.  Harbor,  of  Cape  Knrage. 
-  Mr  O.  H.  Uavidiou,  of  AnagaDce. 


Map  No.  0.    The  Kennehecasis- 
Petitcodiac  Portage. 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


247 


River,  the  continuation  of  the  retitcodiac,  is  not  naAig.able,  the  portage 
path  crossed  from  the  Wiushademoak,  about  two  niiios  above  Nevers  Brook, 
to  tiie  main  Potitcodiac,  whicli  it  reached  about  five  miles  below  Petitcodiac 
Station.  It  was  hence  about  twelve  miles  long,  one  of  the  longest  of  the 
important  portages  in  the  Province.  Its  route,  as  given  by  a  resident,'  is 
shown  on  the  accompanying  Map  No.  7.  I  presume  its  course  is  only 
approximate  ;  indeed,  I  have  been  told  by  an  Indian  chief  that  it  started 
off  near  Salisbury — considerably  farther  down  the  river, 

Upon  Bellin's  maps  of  IToo  and  1757  this  portiige  is  shown,  though 
erroneously  marked  as  ending  at  the  River  Chiaministi  (Salmon  River),  and 
it  is  called  "  Portage  a  beau  Soleil."  The  reason  for  this  name  is  given  by 
Captain  Pote  in  his  most  valuable 
.lournal.  He  crossed  tliis  portage  in 
1745,  on  the  way  from  Beaubivssin  to 
Quebec,  and  says  of  it":  "  This  Day 
whent  up  a  River  about  6  Leagues  To 
a  Carrying  place  .  .  .  and  Stopped 
at  a  mans  house,  Named  bon  Soliel, 
this  man  Treated  mo,  with  much 
Cevility  .  .  .  and  acquainted  me 
that  his  liouse,  was  ye  Last  [  french 
house  I  Should  meet  with.  Till  I  arriv- 
ed to  ye  River  of  Saint  Johns."  In 
his  "  bon  Soliel  "  wo  recognize  a  cor- 
ruption of  Beausoleil,  a  well-known 
Acadian  name.  Potc  states  that  the 
portage  was  eight  leagues  long.  Curi- 
ously, he  calls  the  Washademoak  the 
Petcochack.  He  describes  fully  his 
rout«  to  the  St.  John.  This  portiige  is 
also  referred  to  in  a  document  of  1756 
given  by  Rameau  de  Saint  Pere » : 
"  Remont(5   ladite    riviere   [i.  e.,   the 

Petitcodiac]  environ  deux  lieues,  fait  ensuite  le  portage  nomm^  Ouaigesmock, 
aussi  de  six  lieues,  jusqu'u  une  autre  riviere  qui  doit  etre  celle  de  Chiamaristi." 
Ouaigesmock  is  no  doubt  Washademoak.  This  portage  is  also  marked  on 
Montresor's  map  of  1708,  and  is  correctly  made  to  empty  into  the  Jcdem- 
weight  (Washademoak).  The  lake  there  sliown  one  league  from  the  Petit- 
codiac is  no  doubt  the  crossing  of  the  North  River.  It  is  also  marked  on 
Morris  of  1749,  Mitchell  of  1755,  Bonnor  of  1820,  Baillie  and  Kendall  of  l.s;?2. 

The  ending  of  the  portage  on  Bellin  at  Salmon  River  instead  of  at 
the  Washademoak  is  perhaps  to  be  explained  by  the  presence  of  a  former 
portage  from  the  Washademoak  to  Cumberland  Bay,  oii  Grand  Lake.  In 
this  case  but  a  small  distance  would  have  been  travelled  on  the  AVashade- 
moak  River  before  leaving  it  for  the  path  to  Grand  Lake.  The  route  of  this 
portage,  as  given  me  by  a  resident  *  is  from  three  miles  northeast  of 
Coles  Island  .straight  through  to  Cumberland  Creek,  four  miles  from  the  bay. 

'  Mr.  J.  Lounsbcrry,  of  Lewis  Mountain. 
3  Journ.il  of  Captain  William  I'ote,  Jr.,  p.  52. 

a  Vnu  Colonie  fi'odalo,  II.,  373.    This  interesting  document  ii  given  in  full  in  one  of  Parkman'i  Mi. 
TOlumca  on  Acadia  in  the  Library  of  the  Masiacbuicttg  Hiatoricsl  Society. 
*  Mr.  John  Moser,  of  Canaan  Forks. 

Sec.  II.,  1809.    17. 


Map  No.  7.     Tue  Petitcodiac- 
Washademoak  Portage. 


248 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


[GAN( 


In  connection  with  the  presence  of  a  former  portage  route  here  is  the 
interesting  fact  that  tlie  name  given  on  the  fine  De^IeuUes-Franquelin  map 
of  1080  to  the  river  emptying  into  Cumberland  Bay,  Grand  Lake,  is 
I'ichkotkonet,  whicli  sngges^ts  Pd-koat-kirrc-nk,  the  Indian  name  of  retitcodiac. 
The  name  Cumberhmd  Buy  itself  is  curious,  and  may  Tnean  that  both  the 
Indian  and  English  names  were  suggested  by  the  use  of  these  waters  as  a 
part  of  a  ])ortage  route  to  Petitcodiac  and  /'uniberlanil  Bay  at  the  head  of 
the  Bay  of  Fundy.  It  was  through  this  region  the  New  Englanders  went  to 
attack  Fort  Cinnberland  in  1770,  and  perhaps  a  portage  path  then  cut  is  the 
"road  made  from  St.  John's  Kiver  to  Chepody,  by  the  rebel  army  from 
New  England  "  and  referred  to  by  ^lurdoch.' 

A  portage  from  the  head  of  the  Wixshademoak  to  the  Cocagne  is  men- 
tioned below. 

A  portage  of  three  leagues  from  Memramcook  to  Westcock  is  mentioned 
in  the  Tarkman  MS.  (New  France,  I.,  248).  As  shown  on  early  maps  it 
followed  the  present  Frosty  Hollow  Brook.  It  is  known  locally  as  an  Indian 
I"     ,ige,  and  is  said  by  the  Indians  to  have  been  used  by  them. 


0.  St.  John-Richihucto. 

A.— Sa.    .on  x:iver-Richibucto.    This  was  a  very  important  and  much  travelled 
route,     The  navigation  of  Salmon    Ixiver  is  extremely  easy,  and  it  flows 

nearly  throughout  its  course  with  a  very 
gentle  current ;  the  portage,  le.«s  than  three 
miles  long,  is  over  level  ground  ;  and  the 
Kichibucto  is  mostly  easy  travelling  for 
canoes.  The  portage,  as  given  me  by  a  resi- 
dent,- is  shown  on  the  accompanying  map 
No.  8.  It  is  marked  on  Haillie  and  Kendall's 
map  of  183l>.  The  Jesuit  Relation  of  1059 
has  "  Regibouctou  est  une  belle  riviere  con- 
siderable pour  le  commerce  qu'elle  a  avec 
les  sauvages  de  la  riviere  S.  John."  Denys, 
1072,  clearly  refers  tf)  the  portage,  and  it  was 
made  the  boundary  of  D'Amours  Seigniory 
in  10,S4.  It  is  also  shown  by  a  continuous 
line  on  the  Franqueliti-DelMeulles  map  of 
1080. 
-Washademoak-Buctouche.  I  have  been  told  by  an  Indian  chief  that 
there  is  a  portage  here  2  or  3  miles  long  over  which  he  has  been,  but  it 
seems  to  be  unknown  to  tlie  white  residents. 


Map  No,  8.     The  Richihucto- 

SaLMON  RiVKR  PORTA(iK. 


7.  Petit codinc-Richibucto. 


-Misseguash-Saie  Verte.  This  was  a  route  of  great  importance,  much  used 
by  both  Indians  and  French,  and  o.'u  n  'eferred  to  in  early  documents. 
Thus  Franquet  tlescribes  it  fully  in  his  Report  <if  1752.  He  shows  that  the 
common  route  was  from  Bale  ^'erte  to  Portage  Hill  by  a  path,  thence  to  Pont 
a  Buot  by  canoes,  thence  to  Fort  Heausejour  by  road.     The  jMi.sseguash  is 


1  NoTa  Scotia,  II.,  571). 

•J  Mr.  S.  M .  Dunn  of  Ilarcourt, 


1  Bi 


I 


T!^l 


[ganono] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


249 


tidal  to  above  Point  de  Bute,  to  which  point  it  meanders  as  a  fresli-water 
Htnnini  tiirougli  hikes  and  bogs  fnmi  its  source  above  tlie  i)resent  Portagi; 
i'lridge.     Alexander  Monro,  wIkj  l\ni'\v  tliis  region  tiiorougliiy  as  surveyor, 
and  somewhat  as  antiquarian,  says:'    "  Witiiin  tlie  present   century  tiie 
INIissignasli  River  and  chain  of  lakes  at  its  head  were    navigable  for  boats 
from  Cuniberlanil  Biisin.     Within  the  last  fifty  years  Indian  canoes  in  large 
numbers  followed  this  route  to  within  three  miles  of  the  navigable  watirs  of 
Bale  Verte.     Tliis  route  has  ceased  to  be  navigable  for  canoes."     That  the 
riiute  hii.«  ceased  to  lie  navigable  is  the  general  opinion,  but  after  seeing  the 
river  at  several   pnjiUs,   I  am  of  opinion  that  an  Inilian  could  still  take  a 
canoe  over  the  entire  course  by  cutting  away  bushes  in  places.  a.s  he  has  to 
do  on  other  portage  streams,  andthat  it  is  not  more  ilifhcultof  navigation  than 
many  streams  whicli  they  still  traver.«e.     At  Portage  Bridgt-  the  river  ceases 
to  be  navigable  ;  and  at  the  bridge,  all  testimony  agrees,  tlii'  portage  path  to 
Baie  Verte  started,  going  over  the  hill  still  called  Portage  Hill.     After  t la- 
road  to  Baie  Verti'  was  built  by  the  French,   it  wa.s,  of  course,  used  as  the 
portage  path,  and  its  location  is  discussed  later.     (See  also  Map  No.  L'4).     As 
to  the  precise  course  of  the  ancient  Indian  trail,  however,  1  have  not  been 
able  to  gather  satisfactory  evidence.     On  this  point  tradition  is  altogether 
untrustworthy,  since  thi^  patli  must  have  been  disused  for  nearly  a  hun- 
dred and  fifty  years,  and  can  so  oatfily  be  confounded  with  the  old  rreucb 
road.     On  the  one  hand,  from  a  study  of  the  topography  of  thv  ngion  we 
would  expect  it  to  follow  the  valley  of  the  Mii^si-guash  to  its  very  head,  and 
theiu'C  to  cross  the  low  ridge  to  the   head  of  the  Verte  River.     This  woulil 
enable  the  Indians  to  ase  both  streams  to  some  extent  at  high  water,  and 
would  make  the  shortest  and  apparently  easiest  path.     This  is  confirmed  by 
the  very  dctailetl  map  of  this  entire^njute  by  Franquetof  \~'y2  (Map  No.  2ti|, 
in  which  we  are  led  by  its  author's  accuracy  in  other  respects  to  place  much 
conlidence.  The  stream  heading  very  closly  with  Portage  lUll  can  only  be  tlie 
^'ert('  River,  while  the  numerous  bridges  which  cross  it    can  oidy  he  sup- 
posed to  be  those  on  the  portage  path  used  when  the  water  was  too  low  for 
navigation,  as  it   usually  is  in  tliis  stream.     Franquet  speaks  of  crossing 
eight  bridgi'S  on  the  route.     On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Monro  states  in  another 
article- that  the   Iridian  path  via  Portage  Hill  is  now  known  as  Baie  Verte 
Road.     Speaking  of  this  portage,  Mr.  Shewen  says  in  his  "Notes  of  I'ort 
Monckton,"  "Traces  of  that  portage  were  seen  near  the  head  of  the  river, 
many  years  ago,  by  Mr.  Munro,  the  veteran  Crown  Land  Surveyor  and  ('i\il 
Fngineer,  who  describes  it  as  lieing  about  ten   feet  wide,  and  hollowed  to 
trough  shape  by  wear."     It  is  quite  possible  that  a  direct  path  was  niaile 
from  Portage  Hill  some  three  to  four  miles  along  the  highland,  which  after- 
wards was  followed  by  the  French  road,  and  later  by  tlu'  pre.«eiit  highway. 
But  such  a  supposition  does  not  accord  with  FraiKpiet's  map.     De  Meulles, 
in  U)85,  speaks  of  this  portage  as  a  league  in  length  (Rameau,  I.,  IT.'i),  and 
suggests  a  canal  across  it,  the  first  suggestion  of  a  subject  which  has  been 
much  discussi'd  in  this  century. 

It  is  possible  that  this  is  the  route  referred  to  by  Champlain  lus  that  by 
which  the  natives  pass  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  which  case  the  Verte 
River  would  be  his  Souricoua  (see  below,  B. ),  but  it  is  iiuich  more  probable 
that  the  latter  was  some  river  near  Pictou. 


>  BuUetinof  the  Natural  History  Society  of  Now  Brunswick,  No.  V,  23 
3  Newipapor  articles  in  tlie  "  CbigncotoPot,"  in  1883. 


'^: 


230 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


It  is  stated  by  ^lonro  in  his  iirticlo  last-mentioned,  tliat  the  route  liiially 
selected  for  a  shij)  caniil  across  the  isthmus  is  in  the  vieinity  of  an  old  Indian 
trail;  there  would  thus  have  been  a  portage  route  from  near  llaekmatack 
Lake,  on  the  Misseguash,  through  to  Tidnish,  near  its  north  branch. 

It  is  said  by  the  Indians  there  \va,«  formerly  a  route  fntm  their  eaniji 
ground  near  Midgic  through  to  the  Aboushagan,  which  perhaps  indicates  an 
old  portage  route  from  tlu-  head  of  the  Tantramar,  (a  stream  Howing  through 
bogs  much  as  the  Missiguash  does,)  through  to  the  Abonshiigan  river;  but  I 
have  no  further  information  about  it. 

B. — Memramcook-Scadouc.  It  is  said  by  the  Indians  there  was  a  portage  of 
three  or  four  miles  in  length  between  these  rivei  ■.  A  stream  at  the  head  of  the 
former  river  is  on  some  maps  called  Indian  Stream,  which  shows,  no  doubt, 
where  the  route  left  the  Meniramcook.  A  route  for  a  canal  wa.s  surveyed 
through  here  in  1842.  Ordinarily  the  Memramcook  is  navigable  for  canoes 
to  Calhoun's  Mills  and  the  .Scadouc  to  Smith's  Mills,  leaving  an  interval  of 
some  eight  miles,  which  would  be  greatly  reduced  in  times  of  high  water. 

It  hius  been  supposed  by  Laverdiere  and  by  Shifter,  in  their  editions  of 
Champlain,  that  the  river  Scadouc,  or  else  the  Shediac,  was  that  called 
Sonricona  by  Champlain  in  his  1003  narrative,  and  said  by  him  to  form  a 
route  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  This,  however,  is  extremely  unlikely,  for  Chain- 
plain  on  his  map  of  1(532  marks  a  "  Riviere  par  on  Ton  va  X  la  Haye 
Fran<,xjise,"  which  is  doubtless  his  Souricoua,  and  makes  it  head  with  Minas 
Hasin,  from  which  we  nmst  infer  that  it  was  one  of  the  rivers  near  Tictou. 
Moreover,  Chantplain  himself,  in  speaking  of  the  Souricoua,  states  that  at 
the  entrance  is  found  an  island  about  a  league  out  tf)  sea,  which  by  no  means 
fits  the  Scad(juc,  but  does  fit  perfectly  the  rivers  at  Pictou.  Further,  he 
statt'S  that  they  go  up  that  river  two  or  three  days  and  then  cross  two  or 
three  leagues  of  land,  which  account  fits  far  better  a  river  at  Pictou  than 
the  very  small  Scadi^uc.  I  have  not  been  able  to  settle  the  point  by  the 
testimony  of  the  Micmac  names  of  the  rivers  near  Pictou. 

C. — Fetitcodiac -Shediac.  The  only  reference  to  this  portage  known  to  me  is 
in  a  document  of  I75()  given  by  Rameau  de  St.  Pere,'  which  reads  :  "  De 
Chedaique  a  la  riviere  Pecoudiak,  c'est  un  portage  de  six  lieues  et  beau 
chemin."  It  is  marked  on  Montresor's  map  of  1708,  and  stated  to  be  six 
leagues  in  length. 

Between  the  different  rivers  of  the  Richibucto  System  (i.  e.,  from 
Escuminac  to  Tormentine)  there  was  a  very  easy  route  along  the  sea-coast. 
The  low  sandy  shores  everywhere  make  landing  from  canoes  easy  and  safe, 
while  an  occasional  portage  over  narrow  necks  of  sand  allows  long  stretches 
to  be  made  through  lagoons  and  inside  sandy  islands.  It  was  along  this 
rout*  that  (iamaliel  Smethurst  travelled  in  1701  from  Bathurst  to  Bay  Verte, 
and  his  "  Narrative  "  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  some  of  the  ditticulties  of  such 
travel. 

D. — Shemogue-Baie  Verte.  A  portagi'  from  the  head  of  tide  on  Shemogue  to 
Bay  A'erte  is  mentioned  lus  part  of  a  regular  route  in  the  Parkman  ;\IS. 
(New  France,  I.,  205). 

Smethurst  in  17()7  was  taken  across  country  from  near  Shemogue  to 
Bay  Verte.  A  six-mile  pc^rtage  would  piu«s  over  a  level  country,  and  cut  off 
a  long  distance  around  Cape  Tormentine. 


Vne  Colonie  fi'od.ilo,  ir„  37:i. 


[ganong] 


IIISTOKIC  SITES  IN  KEW  BRUNSWICK 


2S1 


8.  St.  John-Miramichi. 


A.—Gaspereau-Cains  River.  This  was  a  roiitc  of  considorablo  importance. 
Its  oxai't  courso  as  {jivcii  mo  by  a  rcsiiloiit '  is  sliown  on  tlic  acpompanyiiig 
map  No.  9.  JJotli  (ias[K'reau  and  Cains  Hivor,  like  otlions  in  the  Carbonif- 
erous area  of  Now  Urnnswick,  arc  oasy  of  navigation  because  of  their  slight 
fall  and  smoothness  of  current.  The  portage,  six  miles  long,  pa.«ses  over  a 
nearly  level  country.  The  route  is  mentioned  by  Menjamin  >hirston  (who 
travelled  over  it)  in  his  valuable  MS.  Diary  of  ITSo'';  is  marked  imper- 
fectly on  Purdy's  map  o'  1815,  Bouchette  of  181o,  Bonnor  of  1820,  Baillie 
and  Kendall  of  LS.'W,  andelsewhere.  This  is 
no  doubt  the  portage  between  Salmon  Hiver 
and  Miramichi  mentioned  in  the  "  Notitia  of 
New  Brunswick,"  page  110. 

Possibly  there  wa.s  some  route  from 
Cains  Kiver  or  Black  Brook  to  Barnabys 
Kiver,  for  the  name  of  a  branch  of  the  latter, 
Semiwagan,  is  in  'M'lcmac  Say-moo-mik-iDi- 
tik,  strongly  suggestive  oio-u-nk-u)),  "a  port- 
age." This  is  strongly  confirmed  by  the 
Franquelin-DeIMeullesmai)of  1086,  the  origi- 
nal of  which  in  I'aris ''  shows  a  continuous  line 
between  what  is  apparently  the  Little  Semi- 
wagan and  Black  Brook.  An  apparent  por- 
tage route  on  this  map  in  the  angle  between 
the  Renous,  Main  South-west  and  Little 
South-west  ^Nliramicbi,  I  am  unable  to  locate. 

B.— Nashwaak-South-west  Miramichi.  This 
w'a.s  a  long  but  very  important  portage  run- 
ning from  near  Cross  Creek  to  above  Boies- 
town.  As  mapped  and  described  for  me  by  a 
resident,''  it  started  about  a  mile  north  of 
Na«hwaak  Bridge  Post  oHice,  followed  Cross 
Creek    to    about    Budagan    Brook,   thence 

followed  the  course  of  the  present  railroad  to  beyond  tlie  Clearwater, 
whence  it  followed  the  course  of  the  present  highway  road  to  within  two 
miles  of  Boiestown,  whence  it  turned  directly  to  the  river,  reaching  it  at 
Portage  Bank,  two  miles  above  Boiestown.  This  is  no  doubt  the  course  of 
the  first  Portage  road,  which  in  the  main  must  have  followed  the  Indian 
trail ;  though  probably  in  high  water  the  Indian  route  went  up  Cross  Creek 
as  far  as  Budagan  Brook,  and  thence  possibly  into  the  Taxis.  The  name 
Budagan  (on  the  Geological,  not  on  Loggie's  map)  suggests  a  connection 
with  the  Micmac  ok-un,  part  of  o-wok-tit>,  a  portage,  w  Inch  is  strengtliened 
by  its  occurrence  on  another  portage  rout^,  the  Napudogan  (8  C). 

This  route  is  sliown  imperfectly  on  Purdy's  map  of  1814,  on  Bouchette, 
1815,  Bonnor,  1820,  and  on  Baillie  &  Kendall  of  18.S2,  who  give  its  length  as 

1  Mr.  Isaac  Iturpee,  of  Oaspereau. 

3  In  posaession  of  Bev.W.  0.  Baymond. 

See  earlier,  page  239. 
*  Mr.  John  Hayes,  of  HayetTille. 


9coU   <ij 

Tnil»s           iff 

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in           1^1 

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11/ 

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. 

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1 

Map  No.  9.  TheGaspereau- 
Cains  River  Portage. 


262 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


twenty  niilcH.  As  tliis  was  tho  iiiittiral  route  fnmi  Fredi'rictnn  to  the  ppttle- 
iiionts  on  the  Miniiiiiclii,  i\  road  was  litiilt  between  the  two  rivers  soon  after 
t lie  Province  was  foiuuled,  and  an  attempt  was  made  to  settle  disbanded 
soldiers  along  it,  with  but  indifferent  success.  Tho  Nashwaak  is  easily 
navigable  to  the  portage,  as  is  the  Miraniiehi. 

C. — Napudogan-Miramichi  Lake.  A  p.>rtage  of  throe  niilos  connected  these 
waters.  It  is  no  doubt  the  route  referred  toby  Morris  on  his  map  of  1784  as 
"  oidy  three  miles  poilage  between  the  head  of  this  river  and  the  south- 
western ))rancli  of  the  Hivor  Miramichi."  Munro  in  bis  ri'port  of  17S,">  also 
refers  to  it,  though  obscurely.  It  is  marked  on  Haillic  and  Kendall,  1S:12, 
and  is  mentioned  in  liaillie's  "New  lirunswick."  On  nouchelte,  18.'!1,  this 
and  the  preceding  are  confounded.  It  is  referred  to  also  in  Vivian's 
"Wanderings  in  Western  Land"   (i)age()7). 

Munro  refers  obscurely  to  a  |)ortagt!  between  the  N'ashwaak  and  the 
Keswick,  l)Ut  I  know  nothing  of  such  a  portage.  There  may,  liowever,  have 
been  a  portage  from  the  Becaguimec  to  the  Nacawicac.  for  wheri'  the  wateri? 
approach  very  near  to  one  another,  the  branch  of  the  former  is  called  Indian 
I>rook  and  Lake. 

D.— Shikatehawk-Miramichi.  This  routi-  involved  a  long  jtortage,  some  liftecn 
miles.  Its  coursi'  as  giveji  me  by  a  residi'ut '  is  as  follows  ;  From  t lie  St. 
John  River  it  followed  the  valley  of  the  Little  Sliikateliawk,  an  unnavigablo 
stream,  to  about  the  iireseiittiordonville,  whence  it  followed  about  the  cf)Ui'se 
of  the  jiresent  highway  road,  which  crosses  it  several  tinu's,  through  (ilass- 
ville,  Highland  and  Argyle  to  Foreston,  lo  miles  from  the  mouth  of  the 
Little  Sliikateliawk.  From  Foreston  the  South  Branch  of  the  Miraniidii  is 
navigable  to  the  main  river,  about  fifieen  miles.  This  was,  and  is,  the  shortest 
and  easiest  route  between  the  two  rivers.-  This  is  marked  as  an  "Indian 
Portage"  on  I'urdy,  1814,  and  it  is  also  on  Bouchette  of  181o,  and  on  Baillie 
it  Kendall  of  18.")2  ;  and  it  is  mentioned  by  Cooney. 

The  same  resident  tells  me  there  is  an  old  portage  road  from  the  Odell 
to  the  Falls  on  the  North  Branch  .Miramichi,  17  miles  above  the  Forks, 
and  that  from  the  head  of  the  Deadwater  on  the  Miramichi  to  the  Wajiske- 
hegan  are  numerous  portage  roads  used  by  lumbernien.  T  have  no  informa- 
tion as  to  whether  there  wiis  an  ancient  Indian  route  through  here,  but  it  is 
e.Ktremely  probable  there  was  ii  route  usi'd  by  hunting  parties. 

E.— Long  Lake  (^Tobique)  to  Little  Southwest  Miramichi  Lake.  This  was 
a  little-useil  jiortage  of  some  eight  miles,  fully  describi'd  by  Hind,  in  his 
tieological  Report  (page  152).  Both  lakes  are  very  ditlicult  to  reach,  how- 
ever, on  account  of  the  very  numerous  falls  and  rapids  on  the  streams  leading 
from  them,  and  hence  this  was  probably  never  a  through  route,  but  only  a 
hunter's  route  ;  indeed  it  is  called  by  the  Indians,  "The  Hunter's  portage." 
It  must  have  been  well-known  to  DeMeulles,  for  on  the  line  DeMeulles- 
Franquelin  map  of  l(i8(j,  thi'  lakes  are  shown  with  fair  accuracy  in  about 
their  proper  relative  positions,  far  Ix-tter  indeed  than  upon  any  other  map 
for  over  a  hundred  and  fifty  years.  This  portagi'  is  referred  to  obscurely  by 
Munro  in  his  Report  of  1783,  and  it  is  obscurely  marked  upon  Bouchette's 
map  of  1831. 

1  Mr.  John  MiUer  of  OlaasviUe. 

>  In  tracing  this  route  ou  a  modern  map,  that   of  the  Geological  Hurrcy  should  bo  used,  as  the 
Toada  are  incorrectly  laid  down  on  Loggie'a  Map. 


[OANONO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


2B3 


Lon}{  Lake  la  but  one  ui  si-vcriil  at  the  licad  "f  the  soutlicrii  l)iain'li  of 
Tubi(iiu',  all  f)f  whifli  ariH'oiiiu'i'ttMl  with  om-  aimthiT  by  portages slmwii  fully 
on  the  map  of  the  (ioolugical  Survey,  and  described  by  Hind  and,  in"i)art, 
by  Gordon. 

9.  Richibucto- Miramichi. 

-Along  the  Sea-Coast.  This  no  doubt  was  much  used,  enpocially  by  those 
goinj; towards  Miscou  and  Shii)pefjan,  who  proljaljly  used  the  Kel  Kiver — 
I'ortage  River  (!(  (J)  route  to  avoid  IViint  Kscuniinae,  which  is  liable  to 
very  heavy  winds  from  the  North.  Those  going  to  Miramichi  Kiver  would 
no  doubt  take  the  Portage  River  —Bay  du  Vin  route  (!)  B). 

It  is  stati'd  by  Denys  in  Itui.'  (170)  that  a  river  on  the  right  as  you 
enter  the  I{ichibuct(j  hits  connuiniication  with  Miramichi,  anil  also  later,  in 
siieaking  of  the  Miramichi,  he  states  that  a  branch  goes  towards  Richibucto. 
The  l\ivi>r  on  the  left  must  be  tlu'  Aldouane,  but  of  coui-se  it  has  no  such 
])ossil)ility  and  he  must  liave  confused  it  with  the  passage  through  the  lagoons 
to  the  beginning  of  the  next  mentioned  route  (!•  V>). 


1 


N 


Map  No.  10.     Thk  Bay  uu  ViN-KoucniBorauAc  Poktaoe. 


-Bay  du  Vin-Portage  River.  According  t<3  tradition  this  wa.«  a  very  im- 
])ortant  route  in  early  times  for  both  Indians  and  French.  Its  course  as 
mapped  for  nu' by  ]Mr.  D.  Lewis  of  Escuminac  is  shown  ui)on  the  accom[)any- 
iiig  map  No.  10,  and  Mr.  Lewis  describes  it  as  follows  :  The  route  ran  up 
the  Bay  du  Yin  River  three  miles,  turned  up  (iulliver's  brook  four  miles, 
whicli  brought  the  traveller  to  within  two  or  three  liundred  yards  of  the 
Two  Mile  Brook,  emptying  into  (irand  or  Eel  Kiver,  up  Grand  River  two 
miles  to  Juniper  Brook,  up  Juniper  Brook  to  the  lakes  at  its  head,  across 
those  lakes  to  others  on  the  North  Branch  of  Portage  River  and  down  this 
to  Kouchibouguac  Bay.     The  country  through  wliich  the  route  passes  is  a 


'mam 


2B4  ROYAL  80CIKTY  OF  CANADA 

prciit  Icvil  pciU  i)l;iiii,  willi  iiiiuiy  sniuU  lukcH,  and  the  strciuiiH  have  littl« 
full.  AFidwityiif  (lie  roiitcis  ii  ])iiii'{?ro^(\  ciilli'ti  "Cuffcc  If-liimi,"  ii  fuvoiirito 
cnriipitin  I'lin't'  fi)r  triivcllcrs.  Tliis  roulv  liaHlu'cn  used  In  tlic  Iiidiuiis  witliin 
tlic  memory  of  Mr.  Li-win,  and  tnidition  siiyx  il  wiw  tlie  rcfjuhir  nm  '  -  the 
I'Vcncli  from  Miriimi<'lii  to  lioaiisejoiir. 

The  route  is  clearly  slinwii  on  liie  Kiiuunielin-DeMeullc.xinai)  by  ilic  con- 
timioiiH  Mm- used  on  it  to  show  portage  routes.  It  is  jK-riiaps  this  route  to 
which  Denys,  in  I<i72,  refers  'is  a  route  from  Miriimiciii  to  Uichibucto, 
though  in  speaking  of  liichihiicto,  li<'  clearly  states  that  it  ran  froin  a  branch 
of  that  river,  which  seems  an  impossibility, 
C— Eel  River-Portage  River.  Another  Portage  Hivor  empties  into  Miramichi 
waters  east  of  (irand  or  Hel  Iviver,  and  heads  in  lakes  near  others  on 
Mel  Hiver,  emiitying.into  N<jrthnmiierland  Strait ;  '  Map  No.  10)  this  probably 
formed  a  minor  portage  route,  esjiccially  for  thosi'  going  directly  North  or 
Smitli  along  tlio  coast  and  keeping  inside  the  islamL*,  enabling  them  to 
av(jid  the  winds  of  Cape  Escuminac.  Possibly  a  route  ran  between  the  two 
I'ortnge  Kivcrs. 

10.   St.  John-JVepisiguit. 

A.— Nictor  Lake-Nepisiguit  Lake.    This  was  one  of  the  most  importar       utos 
across  the  Province,  though  not  an  easy  one  to  travel.     The  Tobiq'  om 

its  head  a  very  swift  river  though  but  little  broken  by  rapids  an(i  all 

liy   falls.     The    Nepisiguit   however,  tis  its  Indian  name    Wiii-peg-ij-a-ivik 


Scole-   (mile 


Ni'ct0T(         ^^"—-vV  ^<^"terrCaVA/'^°^ 


Map  No.  11.    Tuk  Tobique-Nepi.siguit  Portage. 
From  Berton's  Plan  of  1837 ;   x  ?. 

signifies,  is  a  "hard  river,"  falling  a  thousand  feet  in  seventy  miles,  and 
nuich  broken  by  falls  and  rapids.  Ilcnce  as  a  through  route  this  was 
])robably  less  used  than  the  much  i'a.«ier  Kestigouche.  The  Portage  between 
the  lakes  is  an  easily  travelled  path  somewhat  over  two  and  a  half  miles 
long  ;  it  is  still  used  and  no  doubt  is  very  old.  It-s  course  is  shown  on  the 
accompanying  map  No.  11,  and  it  is  marked  on  the  Geological  Survey  and 
other  maps.  This  portage  is  marked  on  the  Franquelin-DeMeulles  map  of 
H)86  by  the  word  Oniguev,  the  Maliseet  word  for  Portage  (Oo-ne-gun) ,  and 
the  Lakes  are  given  correctly,  more  so  than  upon  any  map  for  the  next 
hundred  and  fifty  years.  It  was  probably  by  this  route  that  Father 
l?ernardin  was  travelling  from  Nepisiguit  to  the  St.  John  when  he  perished 
of  hunger  and  fatigue  in  1G21.' 

On  the  Nepisiguit  the  old  portages  around  Indian  Falls,  the  Narrows  and 
Grand  Falls  are  all  on  the  north  or  left  bank. 

1  LeClercq,  Nouvella  Belation,  211. 


[OANONO] 


HISTOUIC  SITES  IN  NKW  FUIUNSWICK 


238 


ir 


/  /.  Miramichi-NepisitjHit . 

A.-  Along  the  Soa-coast.  In  cnnimon  with  the  real  nf  the  North  Shore,  caiioe 
Inut'lliiii^  was  t'lisy  iilonjj  tliis  co;wL ;  by  carrying  arrosH  nccasional  narrow 
sand-nccl-s,  nearly  llic  wliolc  vnyaRc  from  Mirarniclii  to  I?ay  ("haleiir  could 
lif  niaile  iii.^idc  ul"  inlaniL'  and  through  higoons.  Tlio  route  is  fully  described 
by  SmethurBt,  who  in  17(11  went  over  the  route,  goinj;  southward.  IleaavB 
of  it  ;  "  We  eoasted  this  afienioon  thirty  iTiiles  ujion  these  inland  salt  lake.a. 
This  eountry  is  so  full  of  the  finest  possible  conveiiienees  for  canots,  that  it 
Muist  blow  n  perfect  Htorm  to  disturb  them"  (p.  14).  Sinetliurst  mentions  a 
I)ortage  six  miU's  south  of  Shippettan,  evidently  tliat  froui  Pokeniouehe  to 
'I'raeadie  Lajfoon,  ami  also  another,  evidently  that  from  Traeadie  to  Tabus- 
intac.  The  latter  wits  by  what  is  still  called  I'ortiige  lliver.  It  is  mentioned 
also  by  I'l(>ssis  in  lsI2  (Journal,  HUM.  There  appear  to  have  been  other 
portages  from  Tabusintacto  Miramiehi,  for  on  the  former  river  on  a  large  plan 
a  "  portable  brook  "  is  marked  just  below  Stymest's  Millstream.  There  was 
also  probably  a]iorta).;e  from  the  upper  rokemoiiche  tu  the  (iiuspereau  creek, 
for  an  old  i)lan  names  the  small  creek  (a  mile  east  of  Mattampeck  on  the 
south)  formiufj  the  eiL-'teiii  bounilary of  the  Indian  Reserve  Wuginrhitch,  i.e. 
O-irtik-uii-rltich,  "little  portage."  It  is  mentioned  in  Perley's  report  of 
1S41. 

It  is  stated  in  Slafter's  Champlain  tluit  there  was  a  portage  from  Traeadie 
tu  Bass  Iviver,  but  probably  this  is  an  error. 

Karly  plans  of  Sbippegan  Island  name  the  large  cove  south-west  of  the 
present  Pandora  Point,  Piwlngi-  Cure  or  Portage  Bdy,  but  this  probably  baa 
reference  to  an  early  "  Portage  road,"  througli  the  interior  of  the  island  to 
.Memek  Bay. 
B.— Portage  River-Gordon  Brook.  This  was  a  much  useil  route.  It  leads  from 
Portiige  lliver  into  (cordon  Brook,  which  is  called  by  the  Micmacs  0-wok-iin, 
"a  portage."  This  brook,  tbo\igh  rough  at  its  mouth,  affords  fairly  easy 
canoe  travi-l  for  somo  fourteen  miles  to  the  portage.  A  road  probably  fol- 
lowing nearly  the  course  of  the  portage  is  shown  on  Wilkinson's  map,  and 
it  is  known  to  residents  of  the  Miramiehi  though  now  abandoned.'  The 
l)ortage  is  mentioned  by  Denys  in  1()72  (183).  LeClercq,  in  1G77,  inei.i'ons 
two  routes  from  Xepisiguit  to  Miramiehi,  a  longer,  which  was  probably 
this,  and  a  shorter,  leading  through  the  woods  from  near  the  "Sauk  drs 
Loiips  murliix"  (probably  Pabineau  Falls)  directly  through  the  woods,  used 
apparently  only  in  winter  and  traversed  on  snowshoes.  By  this  he  went 
himself  to  Denys'  Fort,  (probably  near  Neguac)  in  winter,  suffering  great 
hardships. 

Above  Bald  Mountain,  on  the  Nepisiguit,  is  a  valley  called  Emerys 
Gulch,  extending  south  six  miles  to  the  North-west  Miramiehi.  A  winter 
portage  road  now  follows  it.  Probably  it  was  anciently  used  as  a  portage 
route,  but  I  can  find  no  record  of  it. 

In  Dashwood's  "  Chiploqnorgan,"  an  account  is  given  of  his  pa.«.«age 
from  the  Nepisiguit,  near  the  Main  South  Branch,  through  to  lakes  on  tlie 
Sevogle,  but  this  could  not  have  been  a  regular  route.  No  doubt  the  Indians 
often  struck  away  througlv  the  woods  regardless  of  portages,  leaving  tlii'ir 
canoes,  as  in  tins  case. 

1  A  branch  of  it  is  said  to  haro  run  from  near  the  north  branch  of  the  Portage  BiTer  to  th« 
Narrowi,  and  overthia  Sir  Edmund  Head  passed  about  fifty  years  ago. 


^f 


2S6 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


12.     St.  John-Restiijouche. 

A.— Graud  River-Wagan.  This  was  tlio  most  travollpd  of  all  rontos  across  the 
I'roviiicc.  The  (Jraiid  liivcr  is  easy  of  navi}:^ation  up  to  tho  Wagansis  (i.  o., 
Little  Waj^aui,  up  which  canoes  could  he  taken  for  some  two  miles.  A 
level  portajje  of  two  or  throe  miles  k'ads  into  the  Wagan  Olicniac  O-wrik-iin, 
"a  portnije")  a  muddy,  winding  brook,  which  (lows  into  the  Re-:-(i- 
gouche,  which  to  its  mouth  is  a  swift  hut  smooth-flowing  stream,  unbroken 
by  a  fall,  and  almost  without  rapids.  The  total  fall  from  the  jiortage  is  not 
over  ")()()  feet,  and  hence  it  is  far  easier  to  a.sceiul  than  the  Nej)isiguit,  and 
con.«cquently  was^  the  main  route  across  from  Bay  Chalenr  to  the  St.  John. 
For  the  upper  waters  of  the  St.  .hihn  a  route  from  tlu'  mouth  of  the  Nejjisi- 
guit  Ijy  Bay  Chaieur  to  the  Ht'stigouche  and  thence  to  the  St.  John  would 
be  both  considerably  shorter  and  much  easier  than  by  the  Nepisiguit- 
Tobique  route. 

This  portage  is  marked  on  Rouehette,  1815,  Bonner,  1S20,  Lockwootl, 
182(5,  Wilkinson,  l^oS),  and  the  Cioological  Survey  Map.  On  Van  Yelden's 
origii>al  survey  maj)  of  the  Kestigouche,  17S0,  a  "  Carrying-place  across  the 
highlands."  about  nine  miles, is  given,  doubtlei^s  a  portage  directly  from 
Wagan  totirand  Rivi'r.  This  route  wa.'^  taken  by  Plessis  in  1S12,  i  Journal, 
L'07),  by  Ciordon  (p.  215),  wlio  fully  describes  it,  and  by  many  others.  It  is 
said  in  ]Mc(iregor's  British  America,  1833  (IL,  (iC),  that  the  courier  then 
travelled  uj)  this  river  with  mails  for  New  Brunswick  and  Canada,  evidently 
by  this  route.  Formerly  the  alders  which  blocked  the  Wagan  and  Wagansis 
were  kept  cut  out  by  travellers,  and  even  by  workmen  paid  by  the  Provincial 
(iovernmcMit  (as  I  have  been  told),  liut  since  a  road  has  been  cut  within 
a  few  years  from  the  St.  John  directly  throusxh  to  the  IJestigouche  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Wagan,  this  route  is  no  longer  used,  and  probably  is  now 
] tract ically  imi)a.s.sible. 

B. — Green  River-Kedgwick.  This  portitgrc  is  marked,  an  old  and  new  path, 
on  the  ni!ii)s  of  the  (icological  Survey,  running  from  the  I'emouit  branch  of 
(ireen  River,  si.x  miles  acro.ss  to  the  southwest  branch  of  the  Kedgwick. 
Tioth  rivers  an'  dinicult  of  navigation  because  of  their  swift  currents  and 
rapids.  The  route  must  have  been  u.sed  only  by  hunters,  as  it  is  too  difficult 
and  roundabout  to  be  used  as  a  through  route.  It  is  referred  to  obscuri'ly 
by  Jlutiro  in  1783. 

There  is  said  to  be  a  portage  path  from  the  northwest  branch  of  Upsal- 
(piitch  directly  across  to  the  Nict(.ir  branch  (jf  Tobique,  but  I  have  been  able 
to  obtain  no  information  about  it,  It  must  be  long,  ditlicuii  and  very  rarely 
used.  The  Restigouche  can  also  be  reached  from  the  Si.  ,Iohn  by  the 
Nictor-Nepisiguit  route  (10  A)  and  the  Nepisiguit-l'i»salquitch  route,  to  be 
described  below  (1.'!  B),  but  this  would  not  be  used  as  a  direct  route. 


13.     Nepisiguit- Restigouche. 

A. —  \Iong  the  Sea-coast.  This  route  is  safe  for  canoes,  for  landing  is  every- 
where ea«y,  and  doubtless  it  was  greatly  usetl. 

B. — Nopisiguit-Upsalquitch.  Though  not  a  part  of  a  through  route,  this 
portiige  wius  no  doubt  much  used  by  Imnting  parties.  Up  to  Portage  Brook 
the  Nepisiguit  is  very  difficult  of  navigation  ;  Portiige  Brook  is  fairly  easy  up 


[GANOXG I 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


257 


tci  tlic  portage,  wliifli  i;;  abmit  tlircc  miles  long,  and  by  an  easy  path  leads 
to  rpsahinitch  Lake.  From  the  lake  to  it.-  mouth  the  rpsakpiiteh  is  rapid, 
and  with  several  fall.-,  and  tlnis  diflicidt  of  navigation.  The  portage  is 
marked  on  the  (.ieological  .'Purvey  ,"\Iai). 

Wightmaii,  in  1,S,"><)  (Boundary  Blue-book  of  1840).  passed  from  Ne])isi- 
gnit  to  I'jjsalqniteh,  and  thenee  api)areiitly  to  .Tacquet  River,  showing  a 
portage  between  those  rivei-s.  Returning,  he  came  up  ^liddle  liiver  and 
thenee  to  I  psal([uiteh,  but  his  exact  route  is  not  stated. 

On  the  I'eters  survey  maj)  of  ls;>2  is  marked  a  "  Tattagoneh  Portage 
Brook:  Tattagoneh  Lake  about  15  miles,"  but  apjilied  wrongly  to  the 
I'p.salquitch  I'ortage  Brook,  which  in  turn  is  confused  with  Third  I'orks 
Brook.  Probably  the  Tattagoneh  Portage  Brook  was  really  I'orty-mile 
Brook,  ami  there  was  a  hunter's  portage  between  it  and  Tattagoucli  L;ike. 

1.'^..     Rcstlgouche-St.  Lawrence. 

A. — Metapedia-Matane.  There  appear  to  liave  been  two  routes  between  tliese 
rivers.  Wilkinson's  Map  has  on  the  Ciisaupscul,  "  Has  a  portagv  to 
Matane."  Bouehi'tte.  on  his  nuq)  of  ISIil,  iiiarks  a  portage  from  .Metapedia 
Lake  to  Riviere  Blanche,  which  is  perhaps  an  error  for  the  Matane. 
Bonchette  also  refers  in  his  Topograjjhical  Dictionary  to  a  portage  direct 
from  the  lake  to  the  St.  Lawrence.  This  route  is  mentioned  by  .<t.  Valier 
in  UiSS,  and  is  ])robaV)ly  tlie  route  referred  to  by  Clianq)lain.  Von  Velden's 
Ma[)  of  17.SG  states  that  after  reaching  the  head  of  Metapi'diu  Lake  "the 
travellers  take  the  woods,  and  after  ten  leagues  march,  they  reach  the  U.  St. 
l^awrence,  mar  the  rocs  of  (iraml  Matice." 

B. — Patapedia-Metis.  This  portage  is  marked  on  the  Geological  Survey  ]\hip 
a,-  of  three-(inarters  of  a  mile,  from  Awagana.sees  (i.  e.  O-wok-nn-chich, 
Micmac  for  "little  jiortage " )  to  Upper  >b'tis  Lake.  Bellin,  in  his 
"  Hemanjues  sur  la  Carte  "  of  IT'w,  says  that  one  can  go  by  the  Metis  to  the 
St.  John.  This  might  be  ]iossible  by  tlu"  Mistigougeche,  Kedgwiek  Lake, 
Kedgwick  and  (iri'i-n  River  \V1  Bi,  by  a  fairly  direct,  but  very  dillicult 
route,  and  also  easily  by  the  l'atai>edia,  Resligouche  and  <irand  Rivei-a 
(T.'At. 

C — Kedgwick  (Quatawamkedgwick)-Rimouski.  This  portage  is  marked 
on  the  (ieologiral  Survey  Ma[).  and  is  ik'scribed  in  P>aili'y  and  Mclnnes' 
Report  of  ISSS,  M,  22.  It  is  over  a  [mile  in  length,  between  tlie  lakes  at 
the  extreme  heads  of  those  rivers. 


1').     St.  tlohn-Sf.  Lawrence. 


1^ 


ii 


A. — Touladi-Trois  Pistoles.  This  was  one  of  the  principal  routes  from  the  St. 
John  to  tjui'bec.  It  led  through  Lake  Temiscouata  by  thi'  Touladi  Kiver  to 
Lac  des  Aigles,  thence  to  Lac  des  Islets,  thence  by  a  short  portage  path  to  the 
Boisbonscache  River  and  down  the  Trois  Pistoles.  This  route  is  described 
in  Bailey  and  Mclnnes'  tieological  Report  of  ISSS,  M,  pages  20,  2S,  29,  where 

it  is  called  "  one  of  the  main  highways between  the  St.  .John  River  and 

the  St.  Lawrence." 

B. — Ashberish-Trois  Pistoles.  Another  route  from  Temiscouata  to  Trois 
Pistoles  was  by  way  of  the  Ashberisb  Rivi'r.  This  portage  is  tnarked  on 
Bouchettc,  1831,  and  is  mentioned  by  him  in  his  Topograpiiical  Dictionary, 


iMHi 


258 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


and  by  Bailey  in  his  "  St.  John  River  "  (page  48).  It  was  by  either  this  or 
tlie  last-mentioned  route  that  Ca])tain  I'ote  was  taken  to  Quebec  in  1745,  as 
lie  deserihes  in  his  Journal,  but  the  description  is  not  clear  as  to  which  route 
was  followed.  The  compass  directions  and  the  portages  and  lakes  mentioned 
by  him  would  rather  indicate  the  Ashberish  route,  though  the  editor  of  the 
Juurnal  sends  him  by  the  Lac  des  Aigles.  This  route  is  shown  on  the 
I'ranfiuelin-DeMeiilles  Ma])  of  1()8(>,'  with  the  continuous  line  used  on  that 
map  for  ])ortage  routes,  and  it  is  probalily  this  route  that  is  marked  on 
IJi'llin  of  1744,  and  on  many  following  him. 

C. — Temiscouata-Biviere  du  Loup.  As  early  as  1 740  a  portage  path  was  pro- 
jtete'l  along  this  route  where  now  runs  life  highway  /  A  document  of 

1(41)  (Quebec  ]Ms.  IV.,  I.ri)  reads,  "  Xous  drmnons  i  ordres  necessaircs 
pour  faire  pratiquer  un  chemin  ou  sentier  d'environ  ">  pieds  dans  le  portage 
depuis  la  Riviere  du  Loup  a  40  lieues  audessons  de  Quebec  jusques  au  Lac 
Temisquata  d'ou  Ton  va  en  canot  par  la  riviere  St.  Jean  jusqu'  a  Beau- 
ba.«sin,  et  ce  pour  faciliter  la  communication  avec  I'Escadre  et  pour  y  faire 
jiasser  quelques  detachement  de  francois  et  sauvages  s'il  est  necessaire." 
Whether  or  not  this  path  was  made  wo  do  not  know.  In  17(11  this  route 
was  examined  by  Captain  Peach  (as  a  map  in  the  I'ublic  Record  OHice 
shows),  and  about  1785,  a  road  was  cut  along  it  as  a  part  of  the  post  route 
from  Quebec  to  Xova  Scotia.  From  that  time  to  tlie  present  it  has  been 
much  travelled,  and  is  often  referred  to  in  documents  and  books. 

D.— St.  Francis-Riviere  du  Loup.  The  exact  course  of  this  portage  I  hnve 
not  been  able  to  locate,  but  it  probably  ran  from  Lak*^  Pohenegamook  to 
some  of  the  lakes  on  the  LaFourche  branch  of  the  Riviere  du  Loup.  The 
Indian  name  of  the  St.  Francis,  Pfirh-nn-i'r-ijmi-Hk  means  the  Long  Portage 
(Pcfc/i,  long,  oo-zif-flriui,  a  portage,  ((A-,  locative).  The  first  recorded  use  of 
this  portage  is  in  LeClercq  in  his  "  l-^tablissement  de  la  Foi."  Tie  states 
that  about  1024,  Recollet  missionaries  came  to  Acadia  from  Acquitaine, 
and  thence  went  to  Quebec  in  canoes  by  the  River  Loup  with  two  French- 
men and  five  Indians.  It  is  fir.«t  shown  roughly  on  a  manuscript  map 
of  1688,"  very  clearly  on  Rellin,  of  1744,  anil  on  several  others  following 
him,  and  on  Bouchette  of  1815.  It  is  mention' J  in  a  document  of  17(X) 
(Quebec  Ms.  V.  S48)  as  four  leagues  in  length.  It  was  by  this  route  St. 
Valier  came  from  Quebec  to  Acadia  in  l(j8()  or  1087,  and  a  very  detailed 
account  of  the  diffictilties  of  the  voyage  is  given  in  his  narrative  He  states 
that  he  travelled  a  short  distance  on  tlie  Riviere  du  Loup  and  Riviere  des 
Branches  and  a  long  distance  on  the  St.  Francis.  This  route  he  describes  a? 
shorter  but  harder  than  that  ordinarily  used. 

On  the  unpublished  DeRozier  map  of  1(509,  two  portages  are  shown  in 
this  region,  one  from  some  branch  tf  what  is  apparently  the  St.  Francis  to  the 
Trois  Pistoles,  and  one  from  an<;ther  river  to  the  westward  of  the  St.  Francis, 


I  Tho  lake  emptying  nortliwcat  and  joined  to  two  la)(C8  flowing  into  Lake  Modaoimsca  on  thii  map 
(copy  in  these  Tranaactioni,  new  Beries,  III.,  sect.  II.,  364)  is  called  Trois  Piatolea  in  tho  original,  thoiiRh 
the  name  is  oniittod  on  this  copy.  I  have  j)ointed  out  in  the  above-mentioned  paper  the  remarkaliln 
and  cartogrophically-important  error  on  that  map  by  which  IheToblque  (Negoot)  is  made  to  empty  into 
Lake  Tcmiscouatu  where  the  Touladi  really  enters.  This  error  produced  a  profound  distortion  of  thn 
maps  of  this  region  for  considerably  over  a  century.  It  is  possible  that  the  error  arose  by  a  confusion 
of  the  Indian  name  of  tho  lake  on  the  Touladi  (Abagusquash,  on  Bouchette,  1831)  with  Nipisigouichich, 
applied  to  the  Niotor  branch  of  Tobiiiue. 

a  Cartography  of  New  Brunswick,  360. 


"t 


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HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


289 


perhaps  from  Lac  do  I'Est,  to  t'le  Riviere  du  Loup,  but  they  are  giveu  too 
inaccurately  to  admit  oi  identilication. 

Between  the  Temiscouata  and  St.  Francis  biusins  are  several  portages ; 
one  from  Long  Lake  at  the  head  of  the  Cabano  to  the  .St.  Franci.«,  and 
another  from  Long  Lake  to  Baker  Lake  ;  and  there  are  other  minor  ones,  all 
marked  on  the  Cieological  Survey  map. 

B.— Black  River-Ouelle.  On  some  early  maps,  such  as  Belliii,  174-J,  the 
Quelle  is  made  to  head  with  a  branch  of  the  St.  John,  which  can  be  only 
the  Black  River.  The  Morris  map  of  1740  marks  a  portage  from  t  hi' St. 
John  to  the  Ouelle,  and  has  this  statement:  "  Expresses  have  passed  in 
seven  days  by  these  Rivers  from  Chiegnecto  to  Quebec."  The  exact  route 
of  this  portage  1  have  not  been  able  to  deU-rmine. 

P.— North-West  Branch-Riviere  du  Sud.  This  portage  is  first  referred  to 
in  a  letter  of  KlS.i  from  Denonville  to  the  Minister  : '  "  Je  joins  a  cette  carte 
un  petit  dessin  du  chemin  le  plus  court  pour  se  rendre  d'icy  en  liuict  jours 
de  temps  an  Port  Royal  en  Acadie,  par  une  riviere  que  Ton  nonnne  du  Sud 
et  qui  n'est  qn'a  huict  ou  dix  lieues  au  dessous  de  Quebec.  On  le  ramonte 
environ  dix  lieues  et  par  un  portage  de  trois  lieues  on  tombe  dans  celli'  de 
St.  Jean  qui  entre  dans  la  baye  du  Port  Royal."  This  is  probably  the 
Grand  Portage  referred  to  by  Ward  Chipman  in  one  of  his  lettens  of  the 
last  century. 

P. — St.  John-Lake  Etchemin.  Portages  between  these  rivers  are  nienti<)ned 
by  Bouchette,  under  "  Etchemin  "  in  his  Topographical  Dictionary.  The 
river  received  its  name  from  its  use  by  the  Elcliemins  (Maliseets  and 
Penobscots)  as  a  route  to  Quebec. 


II.— THE  PERIOD  OF  PLXPLORATION. 


1.  Routes  of  Cartier  and  of  Ciiampi.ain. 

Of  the  many  explorers  of  the  eastern  coast  of  Canada  prior  to 
Cartier,  no  one  is  known  to  have  reached  the  shores  of  New  IJrunswick, 
though  there  is  no  doubt  that  some  one  of  them  gave  the  name  Bay  of 
Fundy.  This  Province,  therefore,  in  this  period  had  but  two  expk)rei'8, 
both  of  whom,  however,  have  left  ample  records  of  their  voyages.  One 
was  Cartier,  who  first  made  known  onr  North  Shore,  and  the  other  was 
Champlain,  who  did  the  same  for  the  Bay  of  Fundy.  In  fact,  it  ma}'  bo 
claimed  that  these  two  arc  New  Brunswick's  only  early  explorers,  the 
only  men  sent  out  for  the  distinct  purpose  of  making  discovery  and 
properly  recording  their  results  in  maps  and  reports.  An  exception 
should,  however,  bo  made  for  DeMeulles,  who,  in  1685-l(]8b*,  made  a 
voyage  of  inspection  and  exploration  to  Acadia,  which  resulted  in  a 
Report,^  and  especially  in  the  fine  Franquclin-DeMeulles  map,  which  did 
for  the  interior  what  Cartier  and  Champlain  had  done   for  the  coasts. 

I  Qiioliec  Mb.  I,  34(i. 
This  Report  I  have  tried  in  vain  to  trace.  It  is  not  with  the  original  map  in  the 
Archives  du  Depot  des  Cartes  de  la  Marine  in  Paris. 


■■«■ 


Ijlpl 


260 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


There  were,  of  course,  many  others  who  explored  small  areas,  particularly 
the  Jesuit  and  JJeeollet  missionaries  and  later  surveyoi-s,  and  there  are 
many  majja  showing  explorations  of  which  we  have  no  other  record.' 
But  usually  tliese  later  explorations  were  incidental  to  some  other  object, 
and  tlie  records  are  scanty  ;  and  they  may  best  be  considered  along  with 
the  periods  to  which  chronologically  they  belong. 

Cartier's  course,  in  153-i,  along  our  North  Shore,  has  been  fully 
traced  in  several  Memoii-s,  and  is  summarized  in  the  preceding  Mono- 
graph of  this  series  (335-386).  It  is  shown  also  on  the  accompanying 
Map  No.  39.  This  voyage  touches  our  present  subject  only  in  connec- 
tion with  the  identity  of  the  places  mentioned  or  named  by  him,  and  for 
New  Brunswick  these  were  very  few. 

His  Baijc  (le  Sainct  Lunaire  was  the  head  of  Northumberland  Strait. 
His  "triangular  bay  all  i-anged  with  sands"  was  Miramichi  Bay. 
Ilis  Cap  d'Espirance  (Capo  of  Hope)  was  our  North  Point  of  xMiscou 
Island. 

His  Bayp  dc  Chaleur  was  the  present  bay  of  that  name. 
The  other  names  contained  on  maps  reflecting  his  voyage,  but  not 
in   his   narrative,  are   discussed   in    the  preceding  Monograph   already 
referi-ed  to. 

It  is  hold  by  DeCosta  (Magazine  of  American  History,  IX.,  1883) 
that  it  is  probable  the  St.  John  Eiver  was  descended  in  1569  by  David 
Ingram,  an  EiiglLsh  sailor  put  ashore  two  j-ears  before  in  the  Gulf  of 
M(!xico.  Ingram's  nairative,  as  given  by  DeCosta,  is,  in  part,  as  follows  : 
"  After  long  travell  the  albresaidc  David  Ingram  with  his  two 
companions  Browne  and  Twid  came  to  the  head  of  a  liiver  called 
(iugida  [Garinda]  {sic)  which  is  60  leagues  west  from  Cape  Britton  wher 
they  understode  by  the  i^eojile  of  that  Cuntiio  of  the  arivall  of  a  chris- 
tian wheruppon  they  made  ther  I'cpaire  to  the  soa-sido  and  then  found  a 
Frenche  Captaine  named  Monsi'.  Champaigne  who  tooko  them  into  his 
shipp  and  brought  them  unto  Ncwhaven  and  from  thence  they  weare 
transported  into  I"]ngland,  Annodni  1569.  Thro  Monsr.  Champaigne  with 
diverse  of  his  Companions  weare  brought  into  the  village  of  Barimah 
[Bariniah]  {sic)  about  120  miles  up  into  the  Cuntrey  by  the  said  examinato 
[i.  e.,  Ingram]  {sic)  and  his  2  companions  by  whose  meanes  he  had  a  trade 
■  ith  the  people  of  diverse  sorts  of  line  furres  and  of  great  red  leaves  of 
trees  almost  a  yarde  long  and  about  a  foote  broad  which  he  thinck  are 
good  for  dyeing. 

Also  the  said  Monsr.  Champaigne  had  ther  for  exchange  of  trifoling 

wares  a  good  quantitio  of  rude  and  unwrought  [wrought]  {sic)  sylver." 

DeCosta  thinks  the  Gugida  a  form  of  Ouigoudi,  and  hence  the  St. 

John  ;   but  here  he  is  in  error,  for  Ouigoudi  was  not  the  name  of  the  St. 

John.      His  other  evidence  is   scanty  and  conflicting,  so  that  it  is  not 

'  As  in  the  fine  Survey  Map  of  1754,  given  in  tlie  preceding  Monograph,  page  376. 


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HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


261 


possible  at  present  to  decide  upon  this  subjecl,  and  it  must  remain  with 
the  probabilities  against  Ingram  having  descended  the  St.  John. 

Champlain,  in  his  narrative  of  his  voyage  to  Canada  in  1603,  mentions 
in  the  present  New  Brunswick,  Tregate,  Misamichi/,  whose  identity  is 
plain,  and  also  a  river  Souricoua,  which  has  been  supposed  to  represent 
either  the  Shcdiac  or  the  Scadouc,  but  which  I  have  already  (page  250) 
given  reasons  for  believing  is  a  river  near  Pictou.  It  is  possible  that  the 
location  of  the  legend  of  the  Gougou  (chapter  XIII.)  is  Miscou  Island. 
In  his  voyage  to  Acadia  in  1604,  he  entered  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and 
coasted  to  Minas  Basin,  then  coasted  past  (Jape  Chignecto  to  the  New 
Brunswick  coast.  The  identity  of  the  places  described  and  named  by 
him  in  New  Brunswick  has  already  been  in  part  discussed  in  the  preced- 
ing monograph  (page  349),  and  in  summary,  with  a  few  new  points,  is 
as  follows : 

-B.  St.  Louis,  on  his  maps  (no  doubt  the  '■  petite  rivii^re  "  of  his 
narrative)  was  Vaughans  Creek,  at  St.  Martins;  it  probably  exists 
corrupted  in  Point  St.  Tooley,  the  eastern  headland  of  Quaco  Harbor. 
That  it  was  Vaughans  Creek,  and  not  the  other  stream  at  Quaco,  is 
shown  partly  by  the  position  of  the  name  R.  S.  Louis,  on  the  1612  map, 
and  partly  by  the  fact  that  the  name  St.  Tooley  is  attached  to  the  eastern, 
and  not  the  western  headland.' 

Ille  perdue,  on  the  maps  only,  was  probably  the  small  island  at  Quaco 
Head.  The  "  cap  assez  has,  qui  avance  a  la  mer,"  of  his  narrative,  is  no 
doubt  Quaco  Head,  which  is  low  at  its  extremity.  The  mountain,  "  un 
peu  dans  les  terres  .  .  .  qui  a  la  forme  d'un  chapeau  de  Cardinal,"  is 
no  doubt  Porcupine  Mountain,  in  the  Mount  Theobald  district,  which 
has,  as  seen  from  the  hills  near  Quaco,  a  symmetrical  form,  with  steep 
sides  and  a  flattened  top,  answering  very  well  to  the  shape  given  in 
pictures  for  a  cardinal's  hat.'' 

The  "pointe  de  rocher  qui  avance  un  peu  vers  Veau,"  four  leagues  lo 
the  southwest,  where  there  were  strong  and  very  ilangci-ous  tides,  Avas  no 
doubt  the  present  McCoy  Head  ;  and  it  was  this  point  which  is  called  Cap 
de  Jfine  on  his  maps,  for  near  it  they  found  a  cove  about  half  a  league  in 
circuit  containing  a  mine  of  iron.  This  mine  was  probably  at  West 
Beach,  between  Capo  Spencer  and  Black  River,  where  iron  occurs  in  the 
cUrt(sl  The  beautiful  bay  containing  three  islands  and  a  rock  was  at  the 
mouth  of  the  St.  John.  Of  the  islands,  the  two  at  a  league  from  the 
cape  making  to  the  west,  were  of  course  Mohogany  and  Thumb  Cap,  and 
that  at  the  south  of  the  i-iver  was  Partridge  Island  ;  while  the  rock  was 

'  On  the  James  I.  Map  of  1610,  showing  clearly  Champlain's  voyage,  there  is 
one  iidditional  name,  C.  lionde,  further  up  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  near  Mathews  Head, 
to  which,  indeed,  it  was  probably  applied  from  a  distance. 

"  Slafter  and  others  name  this  Mount  Theobald,  but  this  is  merely  the  name  of 
a  district,  and  the  mountain  itself  is  locally  called  Porcupine  Mountain. 

3  As  Dr.  G.  F.  Matthew  tells  me. 


262 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


probably  the  Shag  Kocks,  though  his  map  of  the  harbonralso  shows  locks 
near  Red  Head. 

C.  rouge,  on  his  map,  but  not  in  the  narrative,  was  probably  Ked 
Head,  a  conspicuous  landmark. 

His  Riviere  S.  lean  still  bears  that  name,  translated  to  St.  John. 
But  Charaplain  Avas  without  doubt  in  error  in  stating  that  the  river  was 
called  by  the  Indians  Ouygoudi,  for  this  is  their  name  for  a  village  site,  as 
elsewhere  explained'. 

Cap  St.  Jean,  of  his  map,  not  mentioned  in  the  narrative,  is  probably 
Negro  Head. 

Isles  aux  Margos  of  the  narrative  were,  of  course,  the  Wolves. 

Manthane  was  Grand  Manan. 

Le  riviere  des  Etchemins  was  the  St.  Croix. 

LHsle  Saincte  Croix  was  the  present  Dochet  Island. 

Port  aux  Coquitles  of  the  map  was  the  present  Head  Harbor. 

Isle  gravee  of  the  map  was  no  doubt  the  present  White  Head  Island. 

Illes  imuelles,  of  the  map,  applied  probably  to  some  of  the  islands 
near  Letite  Passage,  though  possibly  to  the  Wolves. 

The  meanings  and  further  history  of  these  names  may  be  found 
discussed  under  their  modern  equivalents  in  my  "Place-nomenclature."' 

The  location  of  the  settlement  made  by  DeMonts  and  Champlain  in 
1604  will  be  discussed  in  the  next  section. 


III.— THE  ACADIAN  PERIOD. 

This  clearly  marked  and  interesting  period  of  our  history  began  with 
the  settlement  of  DeMonts  and  Champlain  at  St.  Croix  Island  in  1604, 
and  closed  with  the  coming  of  the  New  England  settlers  after  1760.  It 
has  been  treated  fully  by  Mr.  Hannay  in  his  History  of  Acadia,  though 
not  with  much  attention  to  it  from  our  present  point  Of  view.  Striking 
events  in  the  history  of  the  P'oris  of  La  Tour  at  St.  John,  of  Cumberland 
and  Gaspercau,  together  with  others  in  Nova  Scotia,  ai'e  sketched  by 
Boui  inot  in  his  "  Some  Old  Forts  by  the  Sea,"  in  these  Transactions, 
Vol.  \ .  The  many  forts  built  in  this  period,  and  the  widely  scattered 
settlements,  and  the  interesting  and  little  known  seigniorial  grants  make 
it  rich  in  historic  sites. 

1.  Settlements  and  Forts. 

1.   The  Passamaquoddi'  District. 

A.— DeMonts  and  Champlain  on  St.  Croix  Island,  1604-1605.  The  history 
of  this  part  of  America  begins  with  the  settlement  by  Champlain  and 
DciMonts  on  St.  Croix,  now  Docliet  Island,  in  the  winter  of  1004-1005.  A 
very  full  account  of  this  settlement,  illustrated   by  a  map  (No.  13)  and  a 

'  Place-Nomenclature,  26i). 


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HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


263 


binl's-uyt'  view,  luw  beou  left  \\h  by  Cliaiiipluin  :  ami  following  him,  it  haa 
often  bi'L'iKlt'scribc'il  by  local  historians.  I'olitically  Ituchot  Island  is  now  a 
part  of  Maini",  but  historically  it  btiloiigs  to  ancient  Acailia,  whose  heir  waa 
Nova  Scotia  and  latt'r,  in  this  part,  New  lirunswick.  The  situation  of  St. 
("roix  Island  is  perfectly  well  known,  and  there  is  not  the  sli|xhtcst  qnestion 
as  to  its  itlentity  ;  Chaniplain's  map  alone,  if  all  other  evidence  failed,  would 
locate  it  with  absolute  certainty.  Late  in  the  last  century  remains  of  the 
buildings  were  found  in  explorations  made  to  settle  the  identity  of  the  island 
in  connection  with  the  (piestion  of  the  identity  of  the  St.  Croix  i.if  the 
boundary  tUsputes,  but  every  traco  of  these  ruins  has  long  since  disappeared. 
lUit  as  to  the  exact  site  of  the  settlement  on  the  island,  and  tlie  changes 
that  have  occurred  in  the  island  itself  since  Di'lVhjnts'  settlement,  there  is 
some  error  prevalent.  The  place  is  of  such  great  historic  interest  that  some 
examination  of  these  (piestions  will  be  of  value, 

lK)chet  Island,  the  Mi;  Sain  ft  e  Crol.r  of  Champlain,  lies  in  the  St.  Croix 
river  opposite  the  village  of  Red  Heach,  Maine.  It  is  a  small  island  of  less 
than  400  yards  long  and  a  little  over  100  yarils  wide,  with  an  area  of  about  six 
acres,  (see  Map  No.  l.j).  It  is  highest  along  the  western  shore,  which  is 
[)recipitous,  rocky,  wooded  with  small  trees,  and  some  forty  feet  high,  the 
highest  point  on  the  island,  at  X  on  map  No.  15,  not  exceeding  50  feet.  It 
slopes  down  to  sea  level  towards  the  west.  At  the  lower  end  is  a  high  ter- 
race of  sand  and  clay  ending  in  steep  bluffs,  beyond  which  are  two  densely 
wooded  isolated  knolls.  Near  its  highest  part  are  the  several  buildings  of  a 
I'nited  States  Light  Station,  where  lives  the  light-keeper  and  his  family,  the 
only  residents  of  the  island.  Most  of  the  island  is  an  open  pasture  with 
small  bushes  here  and  there,  though  to  the  northward  of  the  l)uildings  is  a 
good  fenced  garden.  The  central  part  of  the  island  is  now  a  series  of  bare 
rocky  ledges,  with  some  soil  between,  whose  limits  are  shown  on  the  accom- 
panying map  No.  15.  No  doubt  in  earlier  times  these  ledges  were,  in  part 
at  least,  covered  with  soil  and  trees. 

In  addition  to  Chaniplain's  map  of  the  island  (Map  No.  1.3),  there  is 
extant  one  made  by  Wright  in  1797  (Map  No.  14).  In  June,  1898,  I  made  a 
survey  of  the  island  with  compa.ss  and  tape,  and  prepared  the  map  given 
herewith  (Map  No.  15).'  A  comparison  of  the  three  of  1604,  1797,  1898, 
shows  the  following  facts  :  The  island  has  washed  away  very  little  if  any  at 
its  upper  end,  but  a  good  deal  at  the  lower  end.  The  knoll  on  which 
De^Ionts'  cannon  were  mounted,  now  a  densely  wooded  momid,  was  then 
continuous  with  the  sand  bluff  of  the  main  island  ;  it  had  become  seiiarated 
in  1797,  and  now  is  cut  off  by  a  considerable  interval  of  low  beach.  The 
cove  near  the  chapel  on  Champlain  (curiously  less  pi-onounced  on  Chani- 
I)lain  than  on  Wright)  has,  since  1797,  deepened  until  it  has  cut  through  the 
bluff,  thus  st'parating  another  knoll,  which  now  stands  out  by  itself  con- 
nected with  the  sand  bluff  only  by  a  low  narrow  ridge  of  sand,  hardly  higher 
than  the  beach.  This  very  considerable  removal  of  sanil  is  said,  liowever, 
not  to  be  entirely  the  result  of  the  action  of  the  waves,  but  partly  to  the 
removal  of  many  scow-loads  to  the  mainland  for  buikling  pm-poses.  The 
site  of  the  chapel  has  undoubti'dly  been  washed  away,  aufl  at  least  a  part  of 
the  burial  ground.     Indeed  the  land  in  this  part  of  the  island  has  washed 

1  Though  the  angles  ami  measurpiuenta  were  carefully  taken,  the  outline  is  not  atrittly  accurate, 
for  I  found  Bul>senucntly  that  my  coinpaes  gave  for  some  directions  considerable  error,  due  to  tlie  nickel 
with  which  it  was  plated. 

Sec.  II.,  1809.     18. 


,(     ';)1 


264 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


^        jsle  desai.nttOo^>-. 


9  *q    (.^ 


X..'.'- 


<     1        ^'        'J 


^''.  ■;  ^^ 


i..i,"o    f    d     t     ,> 


G^h^^v 


/6    ^0 


Map  Xi).  i;i.    Wr.  Citoix  (I)i)(Iii:t»  Island,  ry  Ciiami'I.ain,  1604  ;    x  j, 

A.  T,e  plan  (U' l"li!il)itiit  ion.  E.     Lt>  ciiiu'tiiTC. 

B.  lardiiiiiKt'N.  !''•      l.ii  c-luippclle. 

C.  Pclii   isU't    Rerviint  do  iilatte   forme  i\  G.     Masses  de  rocliors  iiutoiir  do   IMsle 

nii'ltiv  Ic  ciuion.  saincie  Croix. 

D.  I'liitle  forme  oi'i  on  luettoitdn  canon. 


^5  a 


Tilafl 


as  -^ 
■4^  V 


4? 


'^ 


s 


V 


-Isle  dc  iS'ainte  C'roix 
-'  "U'-f^^^'^ilXl  ' ,  n  •  %=  Bon  °  Isla.ul 


.Vs^"^'  *i^'V}jjijj'V;wj>--? 


-^f— > 


,'0  IS       w        6o     go 

5cale  yj  French Toises 

I'  I    ■        I — 1 — I — 1 — I. 
Sca'e  cj  Chains 


C^ 

-1 

^' 

'^ 

->- 

^ 

M 

^ 

E.- 

*1 

s 

-ti 

3 

'* 

€ 

a 
a' 


f 


1 


Map  Xo.  14.    St.  Cuoix  (DocmoT)  I.si.and  ;  slthvi;y  hy  Whkjiit,  17!)7  ;    x  g. 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


20B 


iiway  nmcli  within  tiieinoinory  of  tlie  prcspiii  light-i^ccpcr,  to  such  an  extent 
that  u  Wfll  formerly  of  some  use  in  n(nv  on  the  rocky  exposed  beach.  It  is 
possible  that  it  was  the  exposal  of  the  skeletons  of  many  of  the  victims 
of  the  dreadful  winter  of  KiOl-KiOo  that  gave  the  islaml  its  name,  Bone 
Island,  by  which  it  was  known  at  the  close  of  the  last  century. 

At  the  south-west  end  of  the  ishunl,  and  elsewhere  as  well,  are  old 
cellars  which  ari'  often  nii.'rtakeii  for  those  of  tlie  DeMonts'  settlement. 
<  >ld  reHJdonts,  however,  state  that  these  are  cellars  of  small  houses  which 
.wtood  there  within  tlii'  presi'ut  century,  and  their  position  Ijy  no  means  allows 
of  their  bclongin;;  to  Champhiiu's  buildinijs.  I'robal)ly  not  all  of  the.fe 
seeuiinfj;  cellars  are  so  in  reality,  for  some  uf  them  may  be  holes  left 
by  money-diggers,  for  whom  this  island  has  naturally  been  a  favourite  resort. 


I'iHle 


n 


>  Titty. 


<K> 


m^ 


ntGrns^"^!^  f"''"* 


Mat  Xo,  !•").    Sr.  Citoix  (Docmjr)  Isl.\xi),  sukvi;yi:i)  iiv  thk  Authou,  18'J8. 


C. 
GGGG. 

Gm. 

ir. 

K. 
Lll. 


Cellars,  mostly  mctlern. 
Approximate  position  of  DeMonts' 

gardens. 
Modern  garden. 
Illgliost  point  of  the  island. 
Ivnoll  on  winch  DcMonts"  cannon 

were  place<l, 
fdghthouse  buildings. 


S.    Another  isolated  knoll. 
SSSS.     Approximate  silo  of  DeMonts'  set- 
tlement. 
V)'.    .Supjiosod  old  "  French  "  well. 
VCm.    Modern  well  now  on  the  beach. 
The  Irregular   dotted  line  incloses  exposed 
ledges. 


!|   I 


A  comparison  of  my  map  with  that  of  Champlain  shows  that  the  settle- 
ment nnist  have  stood  mi  the  north  side  c)f  the  central  band  of  rocks,  on  the 
higiiest  part  of  the  island,  (whore  there  is  a  jdateau  of  good  soil,  sloping 
slightly  to  the  westward,)  but  somewhat  overlajiping  the  meky  ledges,  while 
the  gardens  must  have  been  to  the  southward  of  the  roeks.  Ti  was  on  the  north 
end  of  the  island  the  nuns  were  found  by  Robert  Pagan  in  I"','".  No  doubt 
the  rocky  ledge  marked  on  my  map  by  II,  the  highest  point  of  the  island, 
was  between  the  settlement  and  the  gartlens,  which  is  fully  confirmed  by 
the  testimony  of  Robert  Pagan  in  17it7  (Kilby,  I'Jo),  who  found  the  rock  in 
exactly  this  position  relativt'ly  to  the  ruins.  The  a])proximate  jiosition  of 
the  settlement  is  shown  on  ^lap  Xo.  15  by  the  dotteil  lines  inclosing  the 


266 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


letters  SSSS,  iiiid  i>i'  tlif  j^iiidi'iis  by  tlu;  liiu'^i  iiiolosiiig  fKiGG.  The  old 
Fii'iu'li  wi'll  [W]  i)()iiit('(l  out  to  vlsitorH  is  probably  not,  though  possibly  it 
limy  bis  tlu'  well  shown  on  the  plan  of  tlif  settlenicnt.  It  is  not  far  from 
the  correct  ])osition,  but  on  the  other  hand  it  is  extremely  shallow,  thon;^h 
it  may  have  been  decptT  when  tlu^  ishind  was  wooded. 
B. — The  Acadian  Settlements.  As  to  the  sites  of  these  we  have  six  lines  i,{ 
evidence,  the  narrative  of  Church,  place-names,  tradition,  a  published  map 
of  I7.'>.">  by  Sotithack,  the  ^lorris  Report  of  17(i5,  and  a  Ms.  map  of  170(i  by 
havid  Owen  (No.  Itij,  which  mai'ks  French  settlements  about  I'assama- 
<luoddy  Jiay. 

There  are  no  records  of  any  settlers  in  this  region  until  U1S4,  when  a 
Si'lf^niciry  was  }j;ranted  at  I'assanuupioddy  to  ,'<ieurSt.  Aubin,  anil  later  others 
were  granted,  all  of  which  will  presently  be  mentioned.  The  census  of  KiSO 
gave  two  settlers  with  their  fanulies  at  St.  Croix  ;  that  of  l(i,s<)gave  four  men, 
four  women  and  thirteen  children,  while  another  in  17(K)  gave  sixteen  ]ier- 
sons.  When  (,'hiHvh  made  his  raid  in  1704,  the  settlers  a|)i)ear  to  have  been 
more  numerous,  but  after  that  raid  they  seem  to  have  disap[)eareil  from 
the  region,  for  they  are  heard  of  no  more. 

In  Chui'cii's  narrative  <if  his  expedition  to  this  i-egion  in  1704,  he  lells 
of  coming  u|)  the  west  passage  of  I'assanuupioddy  anil  to  an  island  where  he 
found  a  -ivncli  bouse,  and  captured  one  Lotriel  and  his  family.  This  was 
plainly  enough  on  [ndian  Island,  wdiich  on  eai'ly  plans  and  in  early  records 
is  called  Latrellc  and  other  forms  of  what  is  known  to  be  properly  La 
Treille,  and  ( )wen's  map  places  a  .settlement  at  the  southern  end  of  the 
island.'  Later  Church  proceeded  up  the  bay  to  a  place,  apparently  tho 
present  Pleasant  I'oinl,  (or  possibly  .St.  Andrews)  where  other  houses,  or 
rather,  huts,  were  fouiul,  in  one  of  which  lived  a  Monsieur  (iourdan, 
l)robably  the  Sieur  St.  Aubin.  Again,  at  the  head  of  the  river  near  the 
falls,  probably  at  the  cove,  St.  Stephen,  lived  one  Sharkec,  pnjperly  Chartier. 
These  are  the  only  French  houses  of  which  we  have  record  iu  ihjcuments. 
Since,  however,  Jean  Meusnier  had  a  grant  on  the  Miigaguadavic  lie  probably 
lived  there,  tliougli  we  have  no  hint  as  to  exactly  where.  Turning  next  to 
the  Southack  map'f  \7'^'^,  reproduced  and  discussed  in  the  preceding  memoir 
of  this  series,  (p.  ;>il7),  in  which  I'assanaKjuoddy  River  represents  the  passage 
between  Deer  Island  and  Elaine,  and  St.  Croix  River  represents  Letite 
passage  ;  "  I'rench  Inhabitants"  are  placed  aiijiarently  on  the  lower  end  of 
Deer  Island,  and  on  the  mainland  opposite.  The  upper  of  the  latter  settle- 
ments is  no  doubt  the  same  as  that  on  Chebaiaok  (i.e.  Pleasant  Point),  of 
Owen's  map,  and  the  lower  that  on  ^loose  Id.  (jii  Owen's  map,  but  I  know 
nothing  of  those  on  Deer  Island.  Southack  also  places  French  houses  on 
Campobello  near  what  is  iilainly  Harbor  Delute,  as  also  does  Owen  on  his  map. 
Tradition  points  to  certain  cellars  on  the  peninsula  between  Curry's  Cove 
and  Otter  Cove  as  French,  and  it  was  probably  here  the  French  houses  really 
stood,  a  view  sustained  by  Owen's  nia|>.  Church  in  his  expedition  s(>nt 
a  party  to  this  island  to  search  for  the  French.  On  the  peninsula  at  the 
entrance  to  Harbor  Delute,  westward  of  Curry's  Cove,  DesBarres  picture  of 
Campobello,  of  1777,  shows  a  sort  of  arch  ruin,  which  must  have  belonged  to 
a  building  of  some  importance,  and  possibly  here  was  another  French  house. 
Rameau  states  that  St.  .Vubin's  resilience  at  Passamafpioddy  was  a  palisaded 
dwelling  or  sort   of  fort,  and    ])f>ssibly  this     ruin  is  the    remnant  of  his 

■  This  exiieditiou  of  Cluircli  liua  Ijoeu  fully  treated  iu  tho  Courior  Series,  XXXI-XXXIIl. 


[dANONo] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BUUNSWiriv 


267 


I 


Mai'No.  10.    Passamaquoddy,  by  DAVin  Owkn,  17i)0  ;    x  i 


268 


HOY  A  I,  SOCIIiTY  OF  CANADA 


(hvclliii^.  Owen  iilsd  |(l:u'fs  I'rciicli  scttli'iiifiits  near  [^111)00  and  uii  Mnnsc 
If-liiiitl  ill  I'.astpuri,  ami  alimii  i'dhscunk  Hay,  lait  tlii'si!  1  liavi'  nut  altciiipti'd 
tu  lucatc  exactly.  MmriiJ,  in  liis  MS,  report  of  liin  Hiirvoy  of  raHHanuunioddy 
in  17il"i.  lias  this  statement  : — "  Tlicre  is  not  the  least  X'estajjes  of  tlie  i"reni'li 
Seitleineiits  in  any  lit  her  part  of  the  Hay,  Iml  upon  Moose  Island,  I'isli 
[i.  e.,  Indianl  l-land,  ihi'  l-land  SI.  Croix,  and  liie  Toinl   on  liie  West  side 

S( lick   IJiver  called  poiiii    I'leasanl,   where  the   I'rench    had  a  l'"ort,  and 

part  ol  the  I'ilches  ami  Kainpails  still  appear."'  'I'his  fori  was  no  douljt 
tiiat  which  was  lieinj:  Imill  in  ITdl  hy  ( iourdan  fSt,  .Vubin?)  and  Sharkec 
U'harlien.  a<  jirisoners  taken  near  I'eiiohscoi  told  Chnrch  ;  hnt  it  nnist  have 
been  unlinished,  for  ( 'liiirch  makes  no  furl  her  men  I  ion  of  il.  \'ery  prohalily, 
lis  mentioned  ahove.  the  dwellintr  of  .^i.  Auiiin  was  here.  This,  of  course, 
would  lie  the  I'rench  setl  lenient  marked  at  Pleasant  I'oiiitouthe  Sonlhack 
anil  the  ()ucn  maps.  The  location  of  all  these  settlements  on  a  modern 
map  is  shown  ou  Map  .\o.  40.  Morris'  Island  St.  Croix  was  not  the  luesent 
hochel  Island.  i)Ul  the  preseiil  Treat  Island  near  l'",astport.  as  his  map  and 
report  >lio\\  I  see  also  ^laj)  No.  jili.  I  know  of  no  oilier  refi'rence  to  a 
l''reiich  sciilemeiit  on  this  island. 

Tradiliou  points  to  some  old  cellarsal  Hill's  I'oint  het  wei'ii  Oak  I'.asand 
the  Waweiir,  as  I'reuch,  and  to  jfraves  and  a  well  at  I, elite  said  to  he  !''reiich, 
and  there  is  a  shadowy  tradition  of  an  ancient  lucastwork  on  the  bluff  at 
Samly  T'oint,  found  by  the  earliest  settlers. 

We  may  say,  in  summary,  that  in  this  ri'gion  there  wa,s  a  large  settlement 
on  Dochet  Island,  and  small  ones  at  Indian  Island,  Camiiobello,  St,  Andrewij, 
IMeasant  I'oint,  St.  Stophen,  and  perliai)s others  at  otiier  points.  I'liit  it  must 
be  rem  'inhered  that  the  consn.=eH  show  that  the  French  population  of  thin 
region  was  always  extremely  small.  The  settlers  at  I'assamaquoddy  were 
less  farmers  tluin  fishermen  and  traders. 


i 


2.     The  St.  John  Distri<-t. 


A. — Setti,k.ments. 

The  earliest  Froiich  .settlement  on  the  St.  Jolit.  of  which  wo  havo 
record    was  the   temporary  fishing   village   at   Emenenic,  mentioned  in 
Biard'a  letter  of  1G12.  and  elsewhere  in  the  Relations  of  that  time.     Tliis 
island  was  one  of  those  near  the  head  of  the  Long  Reach,  whic'    .ir> 
this  day  called  by  the  Malisccts  Ah-men-hen-nik. 

The  next  settlement  was  that  of  the  Eecollet  Missio'  .crcq  tells 

tis  that  the  Recollets  had  their  principal  esialilishment  >  k-  St.  John  in 
ItllU,  but  we  have  no  further  elite  as  to  the  site  of  this  Mlemen'  IIo 
tells  us  also  that  ahout  1(124  the  RecoUet  missionaries  cnnio  to  Quebec, 
and  that  "  They  had  left  the  mission  which  they  had  on  St.  John's  Kiver 
a  month  before  in  consequence  of  orders  they  had  received  from  their 
provincial  in  France."  ' 

The  next  settlement  is  that  of  LaTour,  about  his  fort  at  St.  John,  a 
subject  to  be  referred  to  below.     Next  after  this  comes  the  trading  station 

1  In  '•Premier  Etalilisseniint  lie  111  Foi." 


lit 


[cianong] 


histouk;  sites  in  nkw  hkunswick 


269 


f 


at  JomHi't;  of  Ifi')!),  wliidi  (>ri<;inaU'il  tlio  .loinHoi^  l''or(,  later  to  he 
described.  Then  cmnes  tlie  Mctllemeiit  of  the  Sieiir  de  MarMlii  and  Ids 
family  ami  retinue  at  the  mouth  of  tho  river,  montiont-d  in  the  CenjtuH  of 
1(176.  This  settlement  was  uiuloubtcdly  at  Carleton.  and  no  doubt  on  tho 
site  of  Old  Koi-t. 

The  later  censuses  show  very  slow  inc  rease,  most  of  tho  settlers  being 
soignitM's  and  their  families,  not  Acadian  habitants.  Thus,  tlu'  cfiisns  of 
1(;8(]  gives  oiglil., settlers  ;  that  of  IflUS  gives  twenty,  that  of  lGlt5  gives 
forty-nine,  that  of  Ifl'.tH  gives  forty-one.  It  was  evidi'iitly  not  until  well 
after  IT'Ht  that  any  number  of  Aeadians  came  to  settle  on  tlio  river. 
There  was  no  other  census  untilthut  of  I7:!3,  which  gives  one  Imndivd  imd 
eleven  settlers,  and  most  of  these  probaiily  had  been  there  but  a  short 
time,  for  a  document  of  iTiiS,  cited  below,  inijilies  that  a  colony  had  only 
recently  .settled  on  the  river.  The  reason  fors(^  small  a  iiopiilation  in  so 
fertile  a  region  is  doubtless  to  bo  found  in  the  pretcrciiee  of  the  Aeadians 
for  the  rich  marsh  lands  of  the  head  of  the  May  of  Fundy,  which  wore 
more  abuntlant  than  they  wore  able  to  settle.  After  the  expulsion,  how- 
ever, in  175."),  the  population  received  gi'oat  additions  from  those  who 
escaped  from  Boausejour.  and  from  some  of  those  who  found  their  way 
back  from  the  southern  ))rovinces  to  which  they  were  transported,  so 
that  Monckton  in  IT'iS  found  them  on  the  river  in  considerable  numbers, 
and  one  document  of  175!t  estimates  them  at  si.\  hundred.  (Rroadhea<l, 
X„  97;j.)  Probably  by  the  Aeadians  the  St.  J(din  River  was  thought 
undoubted  French  territory,  for  the  French  always  claimed  that  tho 
Acadia  ceded  to  England  in  171.'!  included  oidytho  jieinnsula.  the  present 
Nova  Scotia,  while  Fnghind  maintained  that  it  included  all  of  ancient 
Acadia  on  tho  mainland,  a  contention  wliich  she  supported  first  by  logic, 
and  later,  and  more  elTectually,  by  force  of  arms, 

Tho  sites  of  the  residences  of  tho  seigniors  of  tho  St.  .lohn  will  be  dis- 
cussed later.  We  shall  consider  first  tho  sites  of  the  Acadian  .settlements. 
For  these  wo  have  seven  lines  of  evidence,  the  Morris  Maps  of  17.')S  and  of 
17fii"),  the  Report  of  Jfonckton's  Expedition  to  the  St.  .lohn  in  17.5s.  a 
MS.  Report  of  17fl2  by  Bruce,  and  one  of  17'J.')  by  Morris,  place  names, 
and  tradition. 

A.— French  Village,  Kingsciear.  The  nrigin  ci  this  vllhi^'c  is  uncertain,  luit 
a.s  there  is  no  early  nienlion  of  it,  it  probably  was  established  after  Monck- 
ton's  expedition  in  17.")S.  Neither  r)nici''s  Kepurt  of  I7<1-,  nor  ^lorri-'  of 
17tw,  make  mention  of  it,  tliongli  butli  refer  to  the  settletiients  at  S|.  .Viiiir.-. 
Probably  it  was  foimdi'il  liy  Louis  ^h'rcnre,  a  French  courier  in  tlieeinjiloy 
of  the  I'lnglish,  who  settled  iiere  witli  some  of  iiis  coiuurynien,  and  with 
most  of  them  removed  in  1788  t"  Madawaska.  .\  full  list  of  these  settlers, 
together  with  others  in  tlie  vicinity,  is  given  in  Collectiniis,  X.  P..  llitstorical 
.Soc.  I.,  111).  Tradition  places  its  exact  original  site  on  the  great  intervale  a 
short  distance  below  the  present  Indian  Village,  and  Munro  in  17.s.'J  speaks 
of  it  as  a  "  French  Village  on  a  semicirctdar  point  of  good  intervale."     It  is 


1 


mmm% 


mmm 


im 


270 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


B.— 


dd^i^Sj'ic/    6y    tie. 


Map 


pr.il)ul)ly  to  tlii.«  scttlciiiciit  tliiit  Abbi'-  Bailly  refers,  in  !i  letter  of  17GS  from 
Aiic'ime,  in  sneakiiijr  of  eleven  Acadian  families  living  near  Aucpae  who  had 
iK'cn  eoiifiriiied  at  Sainte  Annes  (Casgrain).  It  is  said  loeallythat  some  of 
these  settlers  founded  the  Masrol,  orMyshrall,  settlement  between  Kinjrsclear 
and  [huuvell. 

Ajjparently  there  were  other  French  settlers  between  the  Keswick  and 
Nashwaaksis,  for  when  those  lands  were  laid  mit  and  jiraiitcd  in  17S»i  several 
lots  were  gi-anted  to  Acadians,  and  the  rccord.s  of  the  time  sjieak  of  a  "  French 
location  "  there. 

St.  Valier,  in  KISS,  tells  ns  the  rej^ion   aboul   the  present  .'-^priiighill  was 
named  Sitinh'  .Uarii',  and  he  tlion}.dit  it  a  jrocid  plac  for  settlers. 
St.  Annes  Point.     This  i-^  without  doubt  the  "  colony  below  the  village  of 

l''.coupay  (Aiic]iaci"  ofthecen- 

i    TTi  1      sus  of  I  r:;;!.  with  SL' inhabitants, 

and  thesettlement  of  L'O  families 
','>()  leagues  lip  the  river  of  a 
docmnent  of  1740  (Murdoch, 
II.,  I '15 1.  In  1750  there  was 
hrre  a  I'rench  olTiccr  with  20 
men  (^fiirdoch,  If.,  o04j,  and 
there  are  several  other  refer- 
ences in  docuniei'fs  of  the  time 
to  this  impoi-tant  village  of  St. 
Annes.  linice,  17(12,  says  there 
v.ere  (>(H)  or  7(K)  acres  of  land 
cleared  here,  and  Morris,  1760, 
states  that  the  French  had  set- 
tlements all  the  way  from  St. 
.\  11  lies  to  .\ucpac.  It  was  per- 
hajis  settled  just  before  1732, 
lor  a  document  of  that  year 
(Murdoch,  I.,  479)  sjieaks  of  a 
small  colony  of  I'reiich  having 
settled  on  the  Kiver  St.  Joliii. 
It  stood  on  the  present  site  fif 
i'redericton.  scattered  along  the 
river  as  the  Morris  map  of  1705 
(^lapNo.  17)  statfs,  from  op]>osite  the  infuilli  r.f  the  Xashwaak  upwards. 
It  is  here  too  that  tradition  jilaces  it,  and  the  remains  of  an  old  i'rench 
road  were  discovered  hereby  the  first  settlers.'  Mimro.  in  I7s:!,  sjieaks 
of  hr  d  here  cleared  by  the  French,  about  two  miles  in  e.xtnit.  Tliis 
so'  ,ement  was  destroyed  by  expeditions  fiom  the  mouth  of  the  river  made 
III  the  winter  rif  l7-")">-")i).  Yet  the  Acadians  exidently  rettiriieil  to  it,  for 
in  I7<')1  some  fortv  .of  them  were  there,  and  a  tew  were  there  in  178:) 
I. Murdoch    II,    402,    403).     It    was    the  second    most    important     .Vcadian 


«r/^ 


^•>..  ^ 


No.  17.    St.  Annks  Poi.vt   and   sriutoiixD- 
iN(;s.    From  Morris.  170.5  ;       J. 


'  "  The  only  considoralilc  rolii'  of  the  Froiieh  at  tin;  point  is  n  portion  of  corduroy  roiiil  dug  up  liy 
city  wnrliincii  on  tin;  corner  of  Ilcpont  and  (ioorge  Btrceta.  Tlio  pliin  of  tlie  town  Biirviyid  by  Dnugald 
("ampl)ell  in  I78i;  shows  this  ro.ui,  which  crossed  the  point  inasweeiping  curve,  passing  throii$;h  the  blocks 
facing  on  Charlotte,  Ueori,'e  and  Itrunswick  streets.  At  tlic  corner  of  IJe-'iit  and  Chiirlottc  the  land 
was  niarpliy  and  so  the  roud  was  corduroyed  tl'""  .  .MnoFarlanc'a  "  Kroderieton,''  (St,  ,]uhn  Sun, 
ISII2). 


I 


i 


uptiy 

lignld 

llocks 

land 

Nun, 


I 


I 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


271 


settlement  on  the  river.     The  exact  site  of  the  ehurcli  is  not  known,  hut  a 
hiter  jrnuit  implies  it  was  near  Government  House. 

The  census  of  1095  gives  fourteen  settlers  at  \iu«li\vaak,  doubtless  living 
near  tiie  fort. 

C. — Freueuse.  Thissettlenu>nt,  iiK'ntioned  in  t  he  caily  censuses  as  having  several 
settlers  (:^)fi  in  HiOS),  was  of  course  the  residt'uce  of  ,'<ieur  de  Freneuse.  It 
is  represented  on  several  early  maps  as  situated  on  the  east  bank  of  the  St. 
John,  exactly  opposite  tiie  mouth  of  the  ()rom<icto,  jio  doubt  at  the  bend  of 
the  river  at  I'pper  ^huiy;erville,  liut  no  trace  is  now  known  of  its  presence. 
In  Idllfi  Freneuse  had  there  a  liou«e,  l)arns,  eic.  as  a  lease  of  that  date  shows 
(mentioned  later). 

I'robably  there  were  also  Acadian  settlors  around  the  mouth  of  the 
Oromocto  ;  Rruce's  report  of  17(i2  mentions  three  lnuulret.1  acres  of  cleared 
land  here. 

D. — Jemseg.  It  is  jiossible  that  settlers  lived  near  the  fort  at  .lemseg,  which  site 
will  be  discussed  below.  It  was  somewhere  in  this  vicinity  that  Sieur  de 
riiauffours  resided,  with  whom  .lohn  <  iyles  lived,  as  he  relates  in  his  narra- 
tive. Monckton,  who  burnt  some  houses  there,  states  in  his  report  of  175S  : 
"This  settlement  had  been  abandon'd  some  Years  i>ast,  by  most  of  the  In- 
habitants On  account  of  its  bein<^  overfl(/w'd  in  the  Spring  by  the  Freshes." 
A  dociniient  of  175(i  in  the  I'arkman  Ms.  [New  France,  I,  2t>")],  speaks  of 
Jem.seg,  a  French  village  of  thirty  or  forty  houses,  a  little  below  the  mouth 
of  the  Jemseg  river.     Possibly  Lower  ( irinn'oss  is  here  meant. 

E.— Grimrosa.  This  was  an  im[)ortant  settkinent  at  the  time  of  the  expedition  of 
Monckton  in  I7-">.S.  Monckton  states  that  there  were  here  some  fifty  houses 
and  Ijarns,  which  he  burnt,  and  the  Morris  map  of  that  year  [published  in 
the  ])recetling  ^lonograph,  IS'.IO]  shows  mimeroiis  buildings  exactly  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  tiagetown.  <>f  this  village,  Monckton  says:  "This 
Village  W1V9  settled  by  the  Inhabitants  of  lleausejour,  when  drove  off  from 
thence  in  1755."  Some  of  the  Acadians  nuist  have  returned  to  (jrimross, 
for  in  17(11  a  few  were  living  there  [^lurdoch  II,  40.'!].  This  must  have 
been  at  one  time  the  principal  settlement  on  the  river.  .Ahirris,  17t)0,  says  : 
"(irimross  is  the  most  considerable  settlement  that  the  French  had  upon 
St.  .lohns  ;  but  their  Houses  are  now  all  demolished  and  their  improvements 
laid  waste."  .Monckton  sfieaks  also  of  houses  above  the  head  of  (ininr(js3 
River. 

p. — Chofour.  A  few  houses  just  below  (iagetown  shown  onthe  Morris  mapof  17oS. 
Connected  no  doubt  \\itli  Sieur  de  Chauffoius. 

G. — Vllleray.  .\  few  houses  at  the  present  Lower  ( iagetown,  about  opposite  the 
middle  of  Mu^(|uash  Island;  on  the  ^Morris  map  17")S.  Monckt(Hi  says  he 
burnt  houses  there. 

H.— Robicheau.  A  scitlement  of  four  houses  on  the  Morris  mapof  175S  just 
above  TiMinants  cove.  The  i)ossibU'  connection  of  this  with  an  earlier 
settlenuni  or  fort  lirre  1  lia\c  discussed  fully  in  my  I'laee-nomeiiclature 
[]).  '2't7].  Monckton  speaks  of  "a  few  Houses  that  were  some  time  past 
Iidiabited  '  y  the  Robicheaus,"   which  he  burnt. 

There  vas  jx'rhajis  a  small  scltlenieiu  at  the  mouth  of  Nere|)is  about 
tlu>  fort  (see  lati-r),  for  itruce,  I7t)-,  tells  us  then'  wen'  iL'  or  I'l  acres  of 
clear  laml  here. 

I. — St.  John.  .\t  the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  .John  in  the  census  of  17.'>.".  are  given 
eighteen  settlers.     Tliesiti'of  (his  settlement  is  unknown,  but  it  va  •  possibly 


_J 


4 


272 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


in  Carlotoii,  wIuto  there  iire  traditions  of  I'reiicli  jrardens  fmuul  hy  the 
early  i^ettleii^,  whicli  areiimliahly  tiie  same  as  tlmse  slimvti  u])iiii  lirnet'"!?  map 
of  tlie  liarl)f)in-  of  17(11  (see  Maj)  No.  ;!7).  There  is  also  a  tradition  of  a  French 
burial  [)laco  at  the  barracks,  St.  J(jhii. 

On  the  Fort  Howe  Kidgi'  is  an  fild  well,  locally  called  the  I'l-ench  well, 
and  mentioned  as  siicli  in  Keleiior's  I"ield-book  of  1S4S,  He  mentions  also, 
and  marks  on  liis  maps,  the  remains  of  an  old  French  block-hou.se  on 
the  ridge,  but  ])robably  this  is  an  error,  as  there  is  no  other  evi(.lence  of  a 
settlement  ln'H',  and  the  situation  is  a  \i'ry  improbable  one. 
J.— French  Village,  Hammond  River.  The  oiigin  of  the  village  is  uncertain. 
The  Sienr  de  iireiiil  had  ln're  a  Seigniory  in  idSil,  and  it  is  jiossible  that  the 
village  was  founi'ed  by  him  ;  but  it  is  much  more  probable,  since  it  is  not  given 
on  early  maps,  that  it  was  one  of  those  formed  by  the  Acadians  afti'r  the  ex- 
pulsion. This  is  coutirmed  by  a  statement  of  ^lunro  in  17s;!,  who  says  of 
it:  ''Sir  Andrew  [Siiajie  Ilamond]  has  a  valualile  tract  of  good  Interval 
and  upland  which  includes  a  French  settlement  of  tifieeii  t'amilies  who  have 
been  settled  tht>re  lil'teen  years  jn-evioiis  to  his  grant."  As  the  grant  relViTed 
to  wavS  made  in  17M',  the  settlement  would  have  been  formed  in  17ti7. 
According  to  Allison  [p.  i]  the  Acadians  took  out  grants  about  17.s7,  but  si!on 
after  sold  out  and  moved  away,  probably  to  ^ladawaska  (But  see  Archives, 
l.sO'i,  X.B.  l.'i).     The  site  of  the  settlement  is  markeil  on  all  the  later  maiis. 

Passing  next  to  tradition,  in  this  case  well  sustained  by  the  testimony 
of  place-names,  there  are  saiil  to  have  Ihh'h  settlers  ab<iui  French  Lake, 
north  of  Ma(iua])it,  i)articuhirly  on  the  island  and  on  the  eastern  shore  near 
the  ]iassage,  and  about  l''i'ench  F^ake  on  the  <  Iroinocto,  und  the  testimony 
of  the  plac(>-name,  French  Lake,  leavi's  little  doubt  that  this  is  correct.  It 
is  i)ossible  that  these  settlements  were  later  than  the  other  .Vcailiau  seii'.e- 
uients  on  the  river  ;  and  since  they  are  retire(l  jilaces  not  easily  reached  by 
the  Fnglish  vessels,  the  I'rench  may  have  seltli'(l  on  them  after  they  weie 
driven  off  the  main  rivia-  by  >Ionckt.on"s  expedition  of  17"iS.  They  are  said 
also  to  have  lived  at  Swan  (."reek,  and  about  tlu'  outlet  of  Lilly  Laki' St. 
•  John,  \\liere  cellars  and  roads  made  by  them  are  said  to  have  been  recog- 
nized by  the  early  settlers. 

On  ^Mitchell's  map  of  I  7o"i  a  •' \'illage  of  Acadians  "  is  placed  on  tht> 
present  .'^almon  Kiver  empt.ying  into  (irand  Lake,  but  this  is  jn'obably 
an  error,  as  there  is  no  other  record  of  its  existence. 

The  modern  .Vcadian  settlements  on  the  ri\er  are  entirely  ai  Mada- 
waska.  Licenses  of  occupation,  later  followed  by  grants,  were  given  to 
them  shortly  after  tin-  coming  of  the  Loyalists,  and  here  this  much- 
persecuted  peo])le  have  since  lived  in  peace,  imless  the  transference  of  half 
of  them  to  the  Cnited  .Sates  by  the  .\shburton  treaty  of  IS-lL',  without 
asking  their  leave,  may  be  regarded  as  an  exception. 

There  are  traditions  that  the  l'"rench  also  hail  dikes  at  Kipper  Harbor, 
Musipiash  Harbor,  and  on  Qniddy  Liver  at  Martins  Head.  The  French- 
mans  Creek  at  Mus(iuash  does  not  mark  a  settlement,  but  according  to 
Gesner,  a  place  of  retreat  of  a  l^'rench  ship,  probably  that  menlioiuHl  in 
(Juebec  Ms.  H.  bx'. 


\ 


i 


I 


[gano.no] 


HISTORHJ  SITKS  IN  NEW  BRUiNSWICK 


15.       FiiRTS. 


273 


l'"iirl  .Mciliu'tic  \\;is  ;iu  Iiiilian  nulicr  tiiaii  a  l'"rciicli  I'urt,  iIkhij^Ii  sniiu'- 
liiiics  spdkfii  dl"  as  i'"n'iicli.  Its  .-itc  lias  already  ln't'ii  (liscusscd. 
A.— Port  Nashwaak  i  '  urt  St.  .Insrpln.  This  fnit,  inoniiiu'iit  in  its  timt\  \\;is 
built  \)\  X'illi'liiiii  111  ICiiiL'.  witlistodd  a  sii'^r  hy  tlic  l-",iij;lisli  in  Idliii,  and  was 
iihiiuclniicd  in  17(K).  Thcvc  is  im  dmilit  as  to  its  site:  it  slmid  in  the  n|iiptr 
anjilt'  hctwren  till'  Nashwaak  and   the  St.  .Inhii,  clusi'  tci  the  watri',  lUi  lii;j-li 


i_j__i_2,-Lj: .-^^^-.——-.- - '— ^  '> 

Mai'  No.  18.    Plan  or  Fom  Xasiiw aak  (Furt  St.  .Tosei'ii), 
From  a  jiliiu  of  UWYl  in  tin-  Archives  di'  la  Marine,  I'lU'is  ;    ■.  ,",. 

intervale  imw  washed  away,  ho  that  the  site  of  the  I'ort  was  over  w  hat  is  now 
the  frrave]  lieaeli.  Its  >rniiind  plan  is  shown  xcry  clearly  on  the  accnni- 
panyin^r  outline  of  a  [ilan  from  the  I'aris  archives'  [.Maji  No.  IS],  audits 
sitnalicin  cm  the  Morris  iriionia])  [Maj)  No.  17].  (^adillac  in  I(iO'_' sjieaUs  of 
this  as  ;i  Micmac  fort,  and  it  has  lieeii  claimed  that   it  was  Imilt  1)\   earlv 


1   A  liiiil's  lye  viow,  tiot  lierc  icprniliiocd,  aciomimnios  tin'  groiiim  ,'■': 


274 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


Scotch  settlors,  both  of  whicli  lire  probably  errors.  IMr.  Ifannay  visited 
tlie  site  in  1SG7,  and  saw  there  remains  of  iiiniparts,  etc.,  thongh  the  next 
year  he  sjieaks  of  the  fort  as  entirely  washed  away.  [.Stewart's  Quarterly, 
!..  W.  and  II.,  141]. 
B. — Fort  Jemseg.  Thi.s  fort  was  apparently  built  by  Thomas  Temple  (hn-ing  the 
JCnj;lisli  piissessiiin  of  Acadia  in  KioO.  He  records  having  built  a  trading 
post  fifty  miles  up  the  St.  .lohn.  It  was  handed  over  to  the  French  in  1070, 
at  which  time  a  iluscription  iA  it  was  prepared  ^published  in  .Alemorials  of 
the  English  and  French  Commissaries,)  from  which,  and  after  analogy  with 
plans  uf  other  forts  of  the  time,  I  have  compiled  the  accumpanying  plan 
[Map  No.   ly].      Between   107-  anil  1070  it  was  greatly  strengthened  by 


^  Stoff-  hous£ 


\ 


i^uin  Hoom 


1^    Quard-Ho-.jei 


^«C 


Lchellc  d(  10 pas 

J.      «•      t      S'      III      a     nt-      It     If     w 


Map  No.  19.    Ai'i'iioxiMATio  i'i.an  of  Fort  Jem.sko,  compiled  vnoy.\  a  okscription, 

Sieur  de  Soulanges  as  related  in  the  grant  of  the  f(jrt  to  him  in  that  year  : 
»  "  II  a  fait  diverse.?  reparations  et  augmentations  a  celui  de  (lemisik,  afin 

de  ie  rendre  logeablc  et  de  defense,  n'v  ayant  auparavant  qu'un  petit  longe- 
meiit  de  hois  tout  mine,  entmu'e  seuli'iuent  <h'  (piel(|ues  palissades  a  demi- 
tombc'es  par  terre;  en  sortc  que  pour  reedelier  le  tout,  il  lui  auroit  covite  beau- 
cou]),  et  .se  verr(jit  encore  contraint  d'y  faire  de  grandes  depenses  pour  le 
remettre  en  etat,  a  cause  de  la  ruine  eutiere  qu'en  fait  les  Ilollandois  en 
le  faisant  ])risonnier  dans  le  tlit  fnrt,  il  y  a  deux  ans."     (]\h'morials,  748.) 

I'nlike  must  forts  of  thi^  time  it  was  not  scjuare,  which  no  doubt  was 
becau.se  of  the  shape  of  the  knoll  on  which  it  stood.     Its  situation  is  known 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


273 


locally,  iiiiil  is  iljustriitcil  by  the  iiccoinpanying  ski'teli  map  [^fap  No.  20], 
coinplk'd  partly  fnmi  .sketches  of  my  own,  partly  from  notes  supplied  by 
Mr.  Victor  II.  I'altsits,  and  partly  from  meastn-emeiits  made  for  us  by  Mr. 
I>.  L.  Mitchell,  of  (iagetown.  It  stood  on  a  small  mound  near  the  top  of  a  hill 
on  property  owned  by  Mr.  ( '•.  F.  Ncvers,  and  old  resitlents  remember  wlii'n  its 
outlines  were  distinct.  The  site  commands  a  line  view  both  up  and  down  the 
river.  f)n  the  knoll  is  still  to  lie  seen  an  angle  of  earthwork  [at  A.,  Map 
No.  20],  but  a  foot  or  less  in  height  of  which  the  position  and  api)ear- 
ance  make  it  seem  probable  that  it  is  a  renniant  of  the  rampart  of  the  fort ; 
but  otherwise  no  trace  of  it  whatever  is  to  be  scon,  though  numerous  relics 


"1 


llou 


Tropertu 

oj. 

Qeo.T.Never^ 


□ 


Fort 
;  Jemseg  i 


c;  "  V  Alu 

'^  V  "v 

'■^''^V/''"..JUlH'li,.ln|,,n,'„„\ 

■  '■,,'^  i  iifiijiii/uiiiiiiiio 

'M.lT.l.l.lUill.li/illlI 


Hiijtiway    Road 


O 


=^ 


In. 


Im 
le- 

lii- 

|u- 

le 

pu 

jaa 
kii 


What  J 


1: 


Jemseg  River 


Mai'  No.  20.    SKiniii  of-'  site  oi'  Fout  .Ikmskc:. 
A.    Corner  of  fort  still  visible. 

have  been  dug  up  hen;   and  in  the  hollow   just  bt'low.     Mr.  Paltsits   has 
discovered  what  seems  to  bo  tho  end  of  an  old  drain  beside  the  road. ' 

Helow  Spoon  Island  on  the  east  bank  is  the  structure  known  locally  as 
the  "Old  French  Fort.''  Its  origin  and  age  are  very  obscure.  If  it  really 
is  I'^ronch  it  is  no  doubt  connecte<l  with  the  i)laco  called  Xi'l  (PAujIr  on 
the  early  I'^rench  ma]>s,  a  subject  discussi'd  in  my  Tlace  Xomenclature, 
page  L*'"i7,  and  refernul  to  earlier  in  this  j)a[)er.  It  was  perhaps  built  in  the 
time  of  Villebon,  as  a  protection  to  his  fort  at  .Nashwaak,  orperhaps  later,  as 


1  I'crli'y,  in  liis  piililished  li'ctiiri',  1S41,  Btutcs  tliat  tin'  fort  stood 
Ji'mseg,  near  llio  rosidcmo  (if  Charli's  Harrison,  Ksq.,  and  on  prnpt 
cvidonuc  at  pn  sent  nvailalilo  suitains  the  view  taken  in  tliis  paper. 


"at  tlio  lower  entrance  of  the 
rty  now  owned  by   him."     AU 


278 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


;i  ]iriii('ctinii  \i)  tlic  Aciidiaii  scltlciiK'iits  al)ii\c  cui  the  liviT.     The  battory  is 
liowi'vcr,  not  Fifiicli  :it  :ill.  hut  was  liuilt  in   isi;>.     It    liad  nd  conncctinn 


ilh  the  Tol(>f!;nii)li  ntai inn  which  stood  u 


n  tlii? 


itc  in  tlie  last  ccnturv. 


[S(  0  later].  It  stands  on  a  bluff  where  tlie  river  is  very  narrow,  about  two 
niiies  above  Teiiiianls  Cove,  and  eertainly  tin'  position  is  a  most  conuuand- 
iiiirone.  On  tli(>  level,  lifty  feet  or  more  above  the  river,  is  still  a  distinct 
ereseont-shaped  earthwork  some  two  or  three  I'eet  hiirh.  and  lifty  t'eet  across 
its  arc.  Onalevelstill  hi^iher  up  the  hill  is  a  hollow,  twenty  feet  across  and 
live  or  six  deep,  locally  called  t lie  ^^lf;azin(■,  while  still  hijj;lier  up  are  the 
remains  of  the  block  hou>e  wliere  lived  the  soliliers  in  charge  of  the 
seina])liore   telef,'ra|«li,    and    sonu'   of   the   tind)ers   of   tliis   house   can   still 


le  seen.      I  S;'e 


ll> 


/.' 


'•/,■  .y<i;/„::„c,   III.,  L'L'S 


C— Fort  Nerepis.     This  was  no  doubt  <.ri;,nnallv  an   Indian  fort,  as  alreadv  dis- 


■^            i^i.  -JmWo          ^ 

>.                                 ! 

>^ 

-' 

».- 

/ 

\     1  j 

1    1  ^ 

K       ■  ^3    /  J;n   /     1 

S^-^v 

V    '(' 

\  V 

cussed,    aiHJ    is    meniiuiei 


1    l)v    Vil 


rhon     111 


liiOT 


In    i; 


lowever,  It  was  occ 


upied   bv  the  French 


Map  Xo.  21.    Svvv.  oi-  HiiAf. 
iii:iu:i!r's  (/.  ,•.,  lioisiii;. 
m:ii'i''s)  l'"o),"r. 
From  !\Ioiii>,  l~('C>  ;    x  J,. 


under  UoislK'bert.  and  thus  lii;ures  in  the  events 
of  the  lime,  and  it  is  ol'ii'ii  calle(l  after  him.  lii'aii 
Hear  or  lieauhebert  Fort.  It  is  no  doubt  this  fort 
which  is  referred  to  in  a  dociinient  of  I7"):>  ( .\rchives, 
1.S'.I4,  lii-l  1  a.-^  a  new  fort  '20  miles  up  the  river  arnie(l 
with  L'4  jriins  and  L'lM)  men.  It  is  markeil  on  many 
maps  of  the  time,  as  |)'.\nville,  and  <  ireen-.Teffreys 
of  17"i">.  and  alsd  on  the  ^lorris  Majis  of  I7")!sand 
17'!').  It  evident  ly  ^tiMid  very  closi-  to  the  river,  as 
slmwii  by  the  latter  (Map  No.  -I)  in  the  angle  be- 
tween the  two  rixi^rs.  Its  site  is.  howevei-,  entirely 
unknown  to  the  residents,  and  no  remains  of  it  I'an 
he  seen. 

There  is  said  to  be  a  tradition  of  an  old  fort  at 
Ihirdinii's  Point,  but  I  know  nothing  further  of  it. 
D. — Fort  LaTour.  Pespitc  much  discussion  and  some  i^introversy  the  site  of 
this  t'ort  is  not  yet  with  certainty  determined.  The  subject  is  fiill>- discussed 
in  a  ]iaper  in  these  Transactions.  IX.,  sect,  ii.,  lil,  and  also  in  the  New 
lirniisw  id;  Maga/.iiic.  \'ol.  I.,  -'0.  s'.i,  li;."i.  In  my  opinion,  all  available 
i\idei  ice  drawn  from  the  narratisi'  of  neiiys,  and  from  all  known  maps,  tends 
to  show  that  it  stood  du  the  east  liank  of  the  harliour,  iirobably  at  Portland 
Pdiiit,  on  the  k noil  at  the  lu'ad  of  Rankin's  Wharf,  (  Map  Xo.  22.  also  :i7.) 
Mr.  Ilai  may  claims  that  it  stood  at  Old  Fort,  inCarU'ton  ;  but  even  in  his  most 
iii><'nt  article  headiluces  no  ])ositive  evidence  for  his  view,butcontents  liimsolf 
with  combating  minor  ixiints  in  my  argnini'iit.  Since  the  subject  is  so  fully 
discussed  in  the  articles  above  mentioned,  which  are  readily  accessible,  it  is 
unnecessary  again  to  go  over  the  ground  here.  I  will  simply  point  out  this 
impiirtant  fact,  that  if  l'"ort  LaTour  be  assumed  to  ha\e  stood  at  the  Old 
Fort  in  Carleton.  we  not  only  meet  with  well-nigh  insu])erablt^  difficulties  in 
i'X])laining  the  narraiivo  of  l)enys  and  all  of  the  inajis  of  the  lime,  but  we 
have  no  ex|)lanalion  of  the  origin  of  the  I'ort  which  is  known  to  have 
stood  at  Porilainl  Point  ;'  on  the  other  hand,  if  Fort  LaTour  is  assumed  to 


1  It  niiiy  lie  ( iMiiiird  ttiat  llii^  w.tj  the  '•  ivw  IVv.t ''  wiiicli  Ctimvii  in  Ui'Mi  found  tlii'  Fieiicli  building 
cm  till' cast  !-idi' (if  111"  river,  iliit  in  t'ait  :i  fmt  simid  linn'  imiHit  iis  shown  lieyond  donlit  by  ttie 
l-'iMiiiiUeliii  in.iii  ri'.'pntly  imldislicd   hy  Miircil.    'I'liis  iii:i|i   whicli   for    reason*   uivon    ill  my  "C.nrto- 


[r.AXOXGj 


HBTOllIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


277 


at. 
it. 

cjf 

(■(1 

'W 

kble 


.) 

ost 

■If 

lly 

is 
ais 
•1(1 

in 

,VP 

Ivc 


■ill! 
Ilio 


hid  I'oft 

.thrC  Lulto 


Whar/       ) 


iiavo  st'iod  at  I'driiaiu!  I'niiil,  Iiciiys'  narrative  is  inTlVcily  clear  and  cuii- 
si^^tent;  tlio  piiicing  oi  the  I'nii  dU  the  east  side  by  nearly  ail  tiie  early  maps, 
and  it?  nMnoval  tn  the  east  side  in  later  and  more  ai'cnrate  editinns  uf  tlmse 
which  at  lirst  placed  it  on  the  west  side,  is  pei'fecliy  plain  :  and  t  he  urijjin  i  >l' 
ihe  I'lirl  at  I'lii'lland  i'uini  is  explained.  While  I  have  never  claimed  that  the 
evidence  is  liiij;icall.v  conclusive  t  hat  the  lnrl  stood  at  I'oiiland  Point,  Id" 
tiiiidc  that  the  prohaliilities  ilrawn  I'rom  the  sources  meuiioneil  are  over- 
V.  helminf^ly  in  l'a\-onrol'  this  position,  anil  thai  a  case  I'or  the  Carleton  siie 
c.i'i  he  made  out  oidy  l)y  ne;cK;clin;j;  the  a<;j;re^ate  eviilcnce  and  concen- 
tr.ilinir  attention  n])on  minuti;e  in  which  inconsistencies  may  he  found  in 
the  imperfect  records  of  [the  time.  It  is  by  no  means  nnlil<el>  that  records 
will   yi't   be  discovered  that '  will  settle  this  most  interestini^  point. 

It    has  been  maintained  by 
.Mr.    W.    1".  Dole  that    Fort    La-       ,— 
'i'our  stood  where  now  l''ort  Duf-       '. 
feiin    is,    and    bis  argument    is 
liublished  in  the  St.  .John  Sun, 
Dec.  ."),  1 SSS.      It  rests,  bowevor, 
cinolly   upon  traditions,  which 
are     most     nnl  rust  worthy     for 
e\-ents  lonjj  past.     Itissaidllmt      | 
an  early  balt<'r>-  could  also  be       i 
trai'cd  here,  and  that  there  was      \ 
an  old    well    calle<l  locally   the      j 
•■ol,l  Fn.nch  Wi'll."  '  : 

E,— Charnisay'sFort.  It  isrecorde<l  i 
by  Deiiys  that  Charnisay  built  a  i 
fort  on  a  little  knoll  ashortdis-  i 
tance  beyond  the  (lats  and  cn'ek  ; 
wlier<'tbe  Mill-pond  now  is  in      \ 

Carleton.    and    the   tojxijiraphy      ; 

of  that    rei^non  allows   this  site     Map  No.  22.     I'HoiiAi'i.K  srn:  ok  Fokt  La 

to  have  been  in  but  one  place.  Touu. 

namely,  on  the  site  of  the  ( »ld 

i'orl  in  (  arleton.    It  was  iirobaiily  the   lirst   fort  to  occni)y  that  site.     iMa]) 

Xo.  ;!7.  ) 

In  UwU  Temj)le  states  that  he  "  had  repainnl  the  fort  of  St.  Jolni  " 
( .\rchi\es,  IS'.I4,  ;'.).  but  we  iiave  no  liintas  to  whether  it  was  that  at  Carlo- 
ton  or  at  i'ortland  j'oinl. 

In  giants  to  Sieiu'  de  Marson  in  ]()7ii  he  is  spoken  of  as  "  Proprietor  of 
the  Foj'ts  of  Jemseg  and  of  the  Kivor  St.  tlolm."  .\p  ids  Seigniorial  (irant  of 
i<i72  was  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  tlio  Fort  of  the  River  St.  John  was 
probably  there—in  all  i)robability  on  the  site  of  old  I'ort  LaTour. 

r. — Foi't  Martigaon.  The  .-^ienr  de  Martignon  received  a  st'igniorial  grant  at  the 
mouth  of  the  river,  on  the  west  sidi\  in  I(i72,  and  tln^  earl>'  censuses  ri'lurii 
him  as  living  there.     On  a  line  map  tlated  l7tKS,  but  belonging  nuicli  etirlier. 


St  John  HarboT 


giniiliy"  f|i.  !!c;ri)  must  tiolong  liofoio  liinn,  marks  two  forts  on  the  Harliour,  onp  on  (<a<h  sido.  ami 
nanu's  tliat  nn  tin'  wi',-l  /•'.  Mnvtinn'tn.  and  that  on  tli«  oast  F.  T.n  Tunr.  The  "new  fort"  Ihorcfoir 
of  Chiircli  must  have  liccn  tin'  n'liairinf.!  of  an  rililcr  one.  or  else  one  on  a  disthut  site,  and  in  .my  cvi'Mt 
till'  niw  works  could  not  liavc  lie  n  inii)ortant,  for  the  ni'xt  yi'ar  the  site  nt  Carleton  was  otiiipicd  by 
Villcl'on  as  lali'r  described. 


•f 


J 


278 


KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


iiKidf  by  P'raiiqufliii,  iiiiil  iffi'iitly  imhlislud  by  .MaiTcl,  I'nrt  Marti^iioii  is 
niaikt'd  on  thi!  wcfit  ^^i^lt'  (if  the  ciitniiicc  tu  tlu'  !^t.  Joliii,  wliilc  on  tin-  east 
ia  niarkoil  Fort  liaTour.  Martijjnon's  fmt  in  a  I  !►  i)robability  occupied  the 
Hiti^  of  CharnisayV,  and  was  tlie  weeond  on  thai  site. 

G.— Fort  St.  Jean.  In  l7tK)  Villcbon  built  a  foil  at  the  niontli  of  the  St.  .lohn, 
wiiose  fite  in  piaci'd  beyond  iinestion  by  the  plan  of  it  preserved  in  the 
French  Arehlve.s,  of  which  a  co[)y  Is  herewith  given.  ( ^fap  Xu.  _:>.  j  It 
stooil  at  Oiil  F(H't,  Carleton,  and  i)robably  was  the  third  on  that  site.  The 
hij^lier  lantl  that  coinnianded  the  fort,  spoken  of  in  (jther  records  also,  is  the 
high  land  on  Water  street,  ea.sl  of  Lndlow,  in  Carleton.  l>y  advice  of 
Bnjnillan  it  WiW  abandoned  shortly  after  Villebon's  death  in  17(X). 

H.— Fort  Menagoueche.  in  \7W  the  French  trooi)s  came  to  St.  .Tolm  Mith  the 
intention  to  erect  a  fort,  but  they  were  forl)id(len  i)y  the  Nova  .'^cotia  ( iovcrn- 
rnent ;  but  a  document  of  I7r>.'!  states  thattlu-y  had  groath*  strengthened  the 
old  fort  at  the  ni<inthof  tlie  river  [.\rchives,  1,S!)4,  104],  wliile  another  f>f 
17.W  [.Vrchives,  I8U4,  2tHi],  shows  they  had  partially  deniolislied  it.  This 
was  also,  as  sliown  by  Monckton's  Report,  at  the  Old  Fcjrt  at  Carleton,  and 
hence  probably  the  foin-tli  on  that  site. 

I.— Fort  Frederick.  W'lien  .Ahmckton  landed  here  in  17oS  he  found  the  old 
-  fort  abandoned,  and  proceetled  innnediatcly  to  repair  it,  and  bis  account 
shows  that  it  was  the  fort  on  this  sitt'  he  repaired.  It  was  n.ained  Fort 
Frederick  in  that  year,  and  was  probably  the  fifth  on  that  site,  and  the 
last.  It  is  apparently  the  Fort  called  /•'')/■/  Munckldn  on  Morris'  chart  of 
Nova  Scotia  of  1701.  The  place  is  now  occupied  by  buildings,  but  some  of 
the  ramparts  can  still  \w  seen.  It  is  known  locally  as  the  "Old  Fort,"  and 
is  generally  believed  by  the  residents  Ij  be  the  site  <jf  Fort  LaTour. 

3.   The  Petitcodi'ac-Misseijuash  District. 
A.   Settle.ment.s. 


By  far  tlio  largest  Acadian  .settlements  in  the  territory  of  the  present 
New  Brunswick  wore  around  the  great  salt  niarbhes  at  the  head  of  the 
Bay  of  FtiiKiy,  particularly  about  the  mouths  of  the  Misseguash,  AuLac 
and  Tantramar  rivers.  Temple  built  a  trading  post  at  the  "bottom  of 
the  Bay''  in  ltj59,  which  was  probably  in  this  region.  (Archives,  189  {,  H). 
The  tirst  settlers  removed  from  I'ort  Roj-al  to  Beaubassin  (i.e.,  in  the 
vicinity  of  Fort  Lawrence  in  Nova  Scotia)  sliortly  after  1671.  The  whole 
Lithmus  was  granted  in  Seigniory  to  Sieur  LnValli(ire  in  1676,  after  which 
the  settlers  rapidl}'  increaseil  in  numbers  and  spread  to  the  Memram- 
cook,  Petitcodiac  and  She])ody,  until  at  the  time  of  the  expulsion  in 
1755,  they  numbered  several  hundreds  in  this  region.  LaValliiiro  had  a 
Seigniorial  manor,  mentioned  in  a  document  of  1705  (Rameau,  11,  337), 
but  its  site  is  unknown,  though  prol)ably  it  was  on  the  present  Tonges 
Island,  which  was  long  called  Isle  LaValli^re.  After  the  expulsion  the 
Acadians  were  permitted,  in  1767,  by  the  Nova  Scotia  Government,  to 
return  and  settle  on  the  Memramcook,  and  this  settlement  and  a  small 
one  at  Fox  Creek  on  the  Petitcodiac,  as  M.  Poirier  pointed  out  in  his  "  Pere 


\ 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


270 


the 
lLuc 
n  of 
,3). 

the 
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F), 

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Pore 


N- d'ordre  ij-O 
20-8^  l]00 


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A. 


//' 


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i  10  zp   JO   w  f 0    ta '  /c   go  ?ii  m 
Eschfllf  df  /oo  Piedb 


A  La  CouT  dc  la  plate 

B  La  prte  K.lachopflle 

C  Logemifntxiu  gouvernnrr 

PLogemfntiyolficleTS 

£,/1aqn2in 

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GPoudriere 

H  Fjison 

LLoqermnt  du  ChiTuTqien 

LLogemfni  du  CanorficT 

M.LoqfmfntderArauTier 

Vi  LogtrtTif  nt  du  Capiton 

C  Lf  puy 

tTouii  pour  la^cirnison 

Q  Lieu  ou  ton  dCibaT<jirt: 

pouT  aller  micit 
R  houtcur  clou  k fort ^ 

peot.  ftrf  incomtrryie 


Plan  du  Fort  de  la  Riviere- de  S'Jea-n-   /j    /e  5'' de  Vl/lieu    iO  6'-  /700 

Map  No.  23.    Plan  ok  Fort  St.  Jean. 
From  the  Archives;  de  lii  Marine,  Paris  ;   x  \. 


Sec.  II.,  1899.     19. 


280 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


Lofob7ro, '  are  tbo  only  ones  in  all  Acadia  in  which  the  Acadians  now 
occupy  lands  on  which  thoy  worosoltlod  boforo  tlio  expulsion. 

As  to  the  exact  sites  of  their  settlements  wo  have  the  ovidonco  of 
maps,  of  wliich  many  wore  made  to  illustrate  the  military  operations  of 
1751-1765,  of  Franquot's  detailed  report  of  115-,  and  traditions.  The 
earlier  settlements  were  no  doubt  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  present 
Fort  Cumberland  and  i''ort  Lawrence,  but  gradually  they  spread  to  other 
places.  The  Acadians  tended  to  settle  not  far  from  the  churches,  of 
which  it  is  known  there  was  one  at  each  of  these  places.  Both  settle- 
ments and  single  farm  bouses  were  placed  (as  the  numerous  cellars  still 
visible  show),  close  to  the  marshes  on  the  edges  of  the  low  ridges  in  which 
that  region  abounds,  while  their  farms  were  on  the  marshes  themselves, 
reclaimed  by  dykes  from  the  sea.  The  principal  settlements  in  1752, 
according  to  Franquet's  report,  were  at  Bale  Vcrte,  Weslia,  (Wcstcock), 
LaCoup,  Le  Lac,  Tintnmarre,  and  also  at  Memnaconk  (Memramcook), 
Chipoudy  (Shepody),  and  Peccoukac  (Petitcodiac), 

A. — Beausejoiir.  The  luap  of  tlic  IsMimus  in  ^fantc's  History,  belonging  ically 
to  1755,  sliows  French  iiousos  in  several  i)laces  along  the  edgi- of  tlie  Foit 
runibcrlancl  Ridge,  and  also  on  tlie  eastern  end  of  ("olc's  Island.  The  church 
is  here  clearly  sliowii  near  tlu'  fort,  and  tradition  assigns  to  it  a  jiosition  near 
the  eastern  road  along  the  ridge,  west  of  the  trenches,  where  its  position 
is  still  pointed  otU.'  (Map  No.  44.)  Tiie  church  is  yet  more  clearly  shown 
on  the  map  in  the  "Menioires  sur  le  Canada,"  wiiich  shows  also  a  village 
iii\  the  same  slope  and  this  inscription  :  "  .\hoitcau  du  li'.Vbbe  LeLontre." 
It  is  known  that  this  Abiiideau,  (i.e.  a  dam  across  a  tidal  river  containing  a 
sluice-way  so  arranged  with  a  valve  as  to  allow  the  fresh  water  to  drain  off 
and  not  allow  the  salt  water  to  enter),  was  built  across  the  Anlac  river,  a 
sliort  distance  (about  two  hundred  yards)  above  the  present  -Vboidean,  on 
which  the  railroad  and  highway  cross  the  river. 

There  are  some  localities  of  importance  near  Fort  Reausejour  (Cumber- 
land), as  shown  on  .Ahip  \o.  44.  Tiie  "  Holy  Well,"  a  fine  spring,  was  not 
far  from  the  church,  and  is  said  locally  to  take  its  name  from  the  use  of  its 
water  for  holy  water.  Tie  LoiUre's  house  is  believed  to  have  stood  near. 
The  old  French  burial-ground  is  said  to  have  been  where  the  later  graveyard 
(Map  No.  44)  is. 

Old  cellars,  believed  to  be  French,  were  visible  luUil  recently  upon 
Tonges  Island,  particularly  towards  its  southern  end.  It  is  probable  that 
here  was  the  residence  of  La  Valliere,  Seignior  of  Beaubassin,  for  tlie  island 
long  bore  his  name. 

B. — Westcock.  Several  liouses  are  shown  here  on  the  Plants  map,  evidently  on 
the  margin  of  the  upland  near  the  present  site  of  the  village,  and  towards 
Sackville.     It  is  marked  on  most  of  the  maps  of  the  time. 

C.— Le  Lac.  As  shown  by  the  French  plan  of  1779  (really  1755)  this  village  stood 
near  the  head  of  the  present  AuLac  river,  apparently  on  Jolicure  ridge 

1  One  may  locate  this  sUe  thus : — If  one  stands  at  the  lower  western  angle  of  the  English  trenches 
and  looks  across  just  to  the  left  of  Sliepody  Mountain,  he  is  looking  over  the  site;  and  if  he  advances 
48  paces  in  that  direction  he  will  stand  about  in  the  middle  of  the  site  of  the  church. 


[OANONO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW   IIRUNSVVR'K 


281 


1 


just  hi'luw  tlic  pit'Sfiil  Mvv'h  ("ni'iicr.     Jiisl  iil)i)vc  it  tlu-  roatl  frnm  IViviisi''- 
jiiiirlo  l>i'iiut)iissiii  crnsst's  tlic  lii'a<l  nf  AiiLai'  Uivcr  [si'c  iiiai>  No.  -\.] 
D  — Tintemarre      I'laiwiuct  mils  this  a  large  viliai^c  witli  a  iniHsioiiary,  aii<l  it  is 
marki'tl  iiiicui  all  < if  the  maps  of  tlio  tiiia-.     Tlic  Mantc  iiia|)slin\vs  this  vilhifJic 
just  abovf  a  puiisidcrahlc  hraucli  of  tlic  Tautraiiiar  IJivcr  Inwards  tlii'  west  ; 


lU'lU'C  It   lllll; 


^  1 


lavc  stiKxl  ahi'vi 


tlit'li 


raiu'li  ('(iiiiiii},'  Iruiii  the  prt'sc 


It  M. 


Millliiiiul,  aliii)<r  til).  iiiai'};iii  (if  tin-  ii|)laiul  lictuct'ii  llic  Millpuiid  and  the 
.liiliciirc   Ituad,  and   iicrliaps   smiu'wliati  aixivc  this.     Mr.    Miliu'r  jilari's  it 

chapt'l  studd  iiu  the  jiri'sciit  sito 


ahiiiii    iMiiir  (' 


and  slates  that  tl 


if  the    Uenlali,    willi   wliicli   residents  a^ree.      This  ('hnreii  stands 


th 


north-east  of  tlie  I'nnr  corners. 
I'reiicli  liurial  j!;roniid  also. 


.ocallv  there  is 


lid  to  ha\e    lieeii   here  a 


In  some  records  and  on  some  maps  a  villafie,  I'rm  ilit  Itimripim,  is  men- 
tioned, tlioiif^h  l''raiuiiiet  does  not  refer  to  it,  perhaiis  because  it  was  estab- 
lislu'd  after  his  time.  Tlie  I'"rencli  ma[i  shows  its  situation  very  clearly,  as 
on  the  margin  of  the  iiiiland  near  Sackville  not  far  north  of  the  jiresent 
liiglnvay  road  to  .Vmherst.  Mr.  Milner  ]ilaces  it  on  the  farm  of  the  late 
Philip  Palmer.  On  >hirice's  I'rook,  it  is  said  locally,  wore  formerly  remains 
of  a  l''rcnch  settlement,  comprisinj^  ten  or  twelve  families. 

E.— La  Coupe.  This  villajje  is  marked  on  no  ma])  that  I  have  seen  and  I  know  nf 
no  record  that  definitely  locates  its  site.  It  must  have  been  near  the  I.a 
Coup  river,  which  is  a  branch  of  tlie  .\ulac,  strikingoff  to  the  westward  just 
south  of  the  extremity  of  .lolicure  ridjie.  ( 'oiisideriii};  the  very  favourable 
location  of  the  extremity  of  the  Jolieure  ridfje  for  a  setllenieut,  it  is  jirobable 
that  hero  was  its  site. 

P.— Bale  Verte.  The  old  maiis  show  I'learly  that  this  villa<:re  stood  iirecisely  on 
tlie  site  of  the  present  village  of  that  name,  though  there  were  other  houses 
scattered  about  in  that  vicinity,  and  a  few  near  Foit  ( Jii.«pereau.  .Vlex.  ]\binro 
states:  "At  P.aie  Verte,  near  the  residence  of  ('apt.  Weeks,  the  French  hail 
an  establishuR'nt  of  mills;  hence  the  name.  Mill  Creek,  was  given  to  the 
stream.  Around  this  spot  they  settled,  and  here  too  was  their  graveyard." 
The  other  villages  meidioned  by  I'YaiKjuet  and  on  the  maps  rif  the 
time,  including  aixither  village  at  Weschkok,  LaHutte,  TjCs  Planches,  Beau- 
bassin,  etc.,  were  in  Nova  Scotia,  oras  FraiKjuet  iiuts  it,  in  .U'tidia  ;  but  their 
identilication  is  not  within  the  scope  of  the  pri'sent  pa[)er. 

Montre.«or's  map  of  1  TliS  marks  a  "Kichart"  between  West  Coup  and 
Pintaniat  villages,  hence  in  the  position  of  PiY's  des  Hourqnos.  I  liave  no 
other  information  upon  such  a  place. 

G. — Memramcook.  1  have  no  data  for  settling  the  exact  .site  of  the  pre-expulsion 
sottlenieiit.  ^Slante's  ma[)  places  it  on  tlie  west  side  not  far  from  the  mouth  ; 
which  isalsotheca.se  with  the  French  plan,  which,  however,  also  places  a 
few  hou.ses  on  the  east  bank.  M.  Placide  (iaudet,  however,  writes  nie  that 
ancient  aboideaux  have  been  found  near  the  (^jllege,  wliidi  possibly  belonged 
to  pre-expnlsion  settlei-s.  It  is  very  likely  that  these  were  on  the  upland 
near  the  great  marshes,  just  below  the  present  llockland  Bridge.  Local 
tradition  states  that  some  ten  families  lived  in  pre-expulsion  times  on 
Brownell  Brook,  two  miles  above  Dorchester,  and  remains  of  their  hou.ses 
could  formerly  be  seen  ;  and  others  lived  on  the  front  of  the  "Chapman 
Farm." 

H. — Fetitcodiao.  For  these  settlements  also  we  have  few  data.  Hameau  gives  an 
account  of  its  first  settlement  by  Blanchard  in  KiOS,  but  we  have  no  facts 


1 


282 


ROYAL  SOCIKTY  OF  CANADA 


to  ciiiihlc  US  til  liiciilf  liis  Ht'tMcniciit.  Tlic  tnpo^frniiliy  of  the  river  on  tlio 
iimp.x  III'  17"m  Ih  HO  ilistiirti'il  an  to  he  nf  littli;  iihc  in  this  ciiniH'ctiun.  Tlicy 
n'j)roHeiit  .si'tticniiMits  on  both  banks  Iwlow  tbi'  Bi'mi,  but  it  is  (|nito 
ini|Missibit'  to  locati'  tiifin  fnrtiu'r,  unless  niu>  assumes  liiat  tin  v  stnml  near 
tile  iar^'st  niarsbes.  M,  ( iandel,  onr  liesi  aulliority  on  mallets  relatin}{to 
tlie  liistory  of  the  Aeailians,  writes  nie  tlial  tin  Aeadiiiu  viiliiRe  slmid  on  the 
))fesen|  site  iil'  Mnneloii,'  but  later  lite  settlers  niuved  to  Covertlale,  w  bern 
their  villitxe  was  knowti  lit*  Villnijf  ilr  Hdliiinnii.  This  is  cunlirmed  Ity  a 
"Carte  H(''duite  dii  Ooll'e  de  St.  Laurent  "  of  I7")-1.  which  tuiirksa  "  mission  " 
on  tlie  oast  side  of  this  river  tit  idiotit  the  Mend. 

An  old  |)lan  in  the  Crown  Land  (  Mliee  a|)|)!ies  the  natiie  Villmii  r<i'nil  to 
the  jioint  on  the  north  of  lite  I'etiti'odiiie  just  idtove  Mill  Stream,  wbieb  is 
above  the  inoutii  of  Turtle  Creek.  I'mbably  this  marks  the  site  of  a 
Fiviieb  settlement,  espeeially  us  there  is  dyked  ntarsh  near. 

It  is  said  locsilly  thiU  the  buritil-frroinid  adjoining  the  Maptist  Clmi-eh  at 
llillsboro  is  on  the  site  of  ati  old  ['"reneh  biM'ial-(froiind,  aiul  that  the  litst 
Rettlers  of  Hillsboro  in  I7i>")  foimd  eleiired  fields,  fruit-trees  and  broken 
dykes. 

It  is  said  in  Coekburn's  Heport  on  Emigration  [of  1827]  that  the  Kreneh 
formerly  occupied  the  intervales  at  tlie  Forks  of  Turtle  Creek,  calling  the 
l)lace  Phnrrlii'  <)  I'nfiimiil.  It  is  very  likely  that  they  occupied  locations  on 
this,  Coverdale  ami  Pollet  Hivers  after  the  expulsion  in  order  to  be  above 
the  reach  of  iMiglisb  ships,  a.s  they  probably  occupied  the  French  Lakes  and 
other  ])laceH  dillicult  of  accons  f)n  the  St.  .lohn  for  a  similar  rear-on. 

Pole,  in  his  Journal  of  174o,  mentions  that  he  marched  ]>iist  several 
French  bouses  by  the  side  of  this  river,  the  last  of  which  was  that  of  bon 
Solid  [Heausoleil].  One  of  the  I'arkman  .MS  [New  France,  1.,  I'li."-!]  states 
that  in  17o()  there  were  six  or  eight  hon.ses  on  the  Portage  fmm  Shediac  to 
Petitcodiac.  The  present  .\cadian  settlement  of  Fox  Creek  wa.-  founded, 
according  to  ."M.  (iaiidet,  in  17()7,  and  occnjjies  the  site  of  an  olil  settlement. 
I.— Shepody.  A  full  account  of  the  fomulation  of  the  settlements  on  this  river  in 
Kilts  is  given  by  Kamean  de  Saint  Pere  (  L, '_':>7),  but  none  of  the  records 
nor  maps  (jf  the  time  give  any  idea  of  their  preci.^e  location.  There  are, 
however,  in  the  Crown  Land  Ollice  in  Fredericton  several  old  jiliuis  which 
show  the  location  of  the  old  French  dykes  at  Shepody  and  thus  allow  an 
inferi'nce  as  to  the  loctition  of  the  settleim-nts.  An  "old  French  Dyke"  is 
given  on  the  north  side  of  the  entrance  to  Shep"dy  Uiver,  and  an  "old 
dyke,"  with  an  "  Abois  J)'Ean,"  between  Heaver  r>rook  and  the  next  crei'k 
to  the  ea.stwar<l  of  it,  called  on  the  plans  (ierman  Creek.  These,  howi-ver, 
can  represent  but  a  small  portion  of  thi'  dyked  lands  on  this  river,  of  which 
one  of  the  early  maps  says  "  Shepody,  one  of  the  best  I'rencb  settlements." 
Tradition  places  a  large  French  settlement  at  Hopewell   Hill,  and  assigns  to 

many  old  dykes  a  French  origin. 

■ ■ ' 

J  Tliia  is  confirmed  by  tlie  following  atateinont from  .tn  hietorical  artiile  in  the  Monctoii  Times  of 
lieccmber  lltli.  1kh;i.  "Previous  to  t)ie  arrival  of  these  iminigrants  from  Pennsylvania  ( in  1  Til.'))  the 
country  in  the  vicinity  of  .Moncton,  in  common  with  other  parts  o?'  tlic  province,  had  li'cii  inlialiited 
first  by  the  Indians  and  afterwards  liy  the  French,  and  the  ruins  of  a  rude  chapel  and  graveyard  were 
found  uearwliere  tlio  sugar  refinery  and  gas  and  water  ollico  building  now  ntauds,  at  the  lower  end  of 
Main  street.  The  late  .Fames  Beatty,  senior,  Imilt  a  liousc  on  tliia  site  aliout  tlie  y<':u-  ls:i!i.  and  in 
making  excavations  for  a  cellar,  some  sixteen  coffins  wore  dug  up  ooutuiiiing  remains  siippoacd  to  be 

those  of  early  French   settlers The  bones   were  respectably  interred  in  the  old  burying   ground 

near  by." 


1 


1 


^ 


11 


[OANONO] 


HISTOUKJ  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


288 


<i 


28^ 


ROYAL  SOCIKTY  OF  CANADA 


Till'  followiiifj  lUTomit  of  tho  French  scttk'iiK'iits  in  this  ri>ginn  is  taken 
from  a  wt'll  written  and  appari-ntly  reliable  ammyinons  article  in  the  St. 
Jnliii  Sun,  A])ril  5tli,  1S1I8.  "  For  a  hmg  time  after  the  (le[)artnre  of  the 
Acadians  and  even  at  the  ])reseiu  tiiiie,  are  many  evidences  and  remains  of 
''"ri'iich  habitatif)!!.  One  settlement  existed  near  what  is  now  the  vilhige  of 
Albert,  another  on  what  is  called  the  '  jioint  '  at  H(ii)ewell,  while  tlie  cen- 
tral vilhifje  was  at  what   is  known  as  Chnrcli  bmok,  jnst  to  the  east  ward  (jf 


Hopewell  Hill.      Here  was  the  old   F 

bank  of  tlie  brook.     .     . 

the  arrival  of  the  Ensrlish  settler? 


t'hapi 


located  on  thi    eastern 


'I'lie  loi^s  of  the  (.1(1  chapel    remained  long  after 
d  the  dwellin};  of  one  of  the  residents 


)f  this  village,  erected  a  few  years  ago,  rests  on  the  corner-stone  of  the  once 


;acred  edifice 


Here  also  was  the  linrial-gronnd,  and  in  summertime  are 


still  to  be  seen  the  moss-coveivd   mounds,    now  tram|)Ied  and  forsaki'ii,  and 


the  broken  headstones  tliat  mark  the  re; 


place  of  the  Acad.ian  dead. 


Then 


Iso  manv  remains  of  old  Frentii  cellars,  mil 


etc. 


Tl 


lese  mills 


lis 


be( 


were  principally  on  the  marsh  creeks.  The  stones  from  the  mills  have  been 
fonnd  in  many  instances,  anil  are  still  in  existence.  The  French  dykes  all 
remain.  They  were  not  as  far  out  as  those  of  the  i)resent  day,  but  still 
enclosed  a  lai-ge  area  of  mareh.  No  aboideaux  were  used,  the  creek.s  being 
dyked  along  the  side.s  up  to  the  upland." 

Of  importance  in  connection  with  the  early  settlements  are  the  roads,  of 
whiih  the  jiriiK'iiial  one  was  that  frun  Fori  I'eansejour  lo  Foi't  (iaspereau. 
This  is  marked  on  many  maps  of  the  time,  and  esi)ecially  on  the  i)lan  made 
by  Captain  Lewis  in  ]7o5,  which  states  that  the  mad  was  from  a  survey. 
The  jiart  from  Font  a  liuot  to  Portage  Hill  must  have  been  maire  before 
FraiKiuet's  visit  in  1752,  for  he  marks  it  on  hi.«  map,  though  he  went  by 
water  between  these  ]>]aces.  Tradition  still  points  out  the  site  of  portions  of 
tlie  road,  and  it  is  said  that  the  late  .Vlexaiider  ]\Iiinro,  the  surveyor,  had  in 
early  life  traced  out  the  entire  road  from  one  fort  to  the  other.  Th'  states  in 
his  "  Lsthinus  of  Chignecto"  that  the  road  ran  via  Jolicure  ..nd  Portage  Hill. 
From  the  maps,  and  from  traditions  gathered  on  the  spot,  the  cotirse  of  this 
road  is  drawn  upon  the  accompanying  ma[)  No.  L'4.  I'rom  near  Peausejour 
to  near  Portage  Hill  it  followed  about  the  top  of  the  ridge  between  the  two 
highway  mails  of  tlie  present  day.  In  the  gathering  of  data  for  this  ma]),  as 
in  many  other  inatt(>rs  connected  with  this  legiou.  1  have  had  the  very  gr/at 
ailvantage  of  the  a.«sistance  of  Mr.  W.  C.  Milner.  whose  knowledge  of  the 
history  of  this  regifni  is  thorough  and  accurate,  and  also  of  ^Ir.  Howard 
Trneman,  of  Point  do  ISiite,  who  knows  so  well  its  later  history.  This 
main  road  was  more  than  a  mere  track  througii  the  woods,  for  it  was 
|tassal)le  for  horses  and  to  some  exti>nt  for  waggons.  An  important  branch 
of  this  road,  older  tiian  the  road  itself,  ran  to  Pont  a  Knot,  whose 
location  will  be  considered  i)resently,  and  thence  to  Fort  Lawrence.  Some 
maj)s  show  also  a  road  along  the  western  margin  of  the  Fort  Ctimlierhind 
liidge,  thmigh  faintly,  and  it  was  [n-obalily  an  unimportant  trail  to  the  houses 
ill  that  vicinity.  Some  maps  mark  a  road  across  the  marshesfrom  Beansejonr 
to  near  the  jireseiit  Sackville,  probably  not  far  from  the  present  highway, 
and  this  mad  continues  on  to  the  Memrameook,  evidently  by  way  of  the 
|iresenl  road  along  I''rost.v  Hollow  brook.  It  then  contimies  fi'om  tin  Mem- 
ramcook  to  the  bend  of  the  Petiteodiac,  but  the  maps  are  too  ini[)eii',ri  to 
allow  us  to  iiU'Mify  its  course.  Probably  this  was  but  a  track  through  the 
woirIs  and  not  a  road  pro|)erly  cleared. 


1 


1; 


i 

4 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


FraiKiiiot  ill  liis  report  tiu'iitiuns  two  roads  from  Pont  alRuot  to  Beausc- 
jour.  Olio,  the  lower  iind  poor'.<;-,  led  to  Butte  a  Roger  ;  tlielotlior,  f>ho\vii 
on  the  tiiapH,  went  up  the  hill  through  the  woods,  the  two  joining  on  the 
hill  opposite  Butte  a  Koger. 

From  Baie  \'erte  village  a  road  ran  straight  across  the  flats  to  Fort 
Giuspereau.  Alexander  .'\roiini  thus  speaks  of  it:  "  From  Mill  Creek,  the 
road,  nearly  two  iniles  in  len}';(h,  to  the  fort  was  in  a  straight;_liiu'.  About 
a  mile  and  a  (piarter  of  this  distanci'  from  the  oreek  is  marsh,  over  which 
the  roiul  was  made  on  four '•.iws  of  piles.  Tlu-  pile.-  were  driven  into  the 
marsh,  and  wen:  about  eight  feet  apart,  and  six  feet  above  ground.  On  the 
top  of  each  line  of  )'";-ts,  timbers  were  extended  lengthwise, 'and  the  whole 
was  covered  with  pi, !.' ft.  Between  the  marsh  and  the  fort  the  road,  still 
visible,  passes  over  an  upland  Hat."  In  a  diary  of  17'V),  givenl)>  Mr.',Monro, 
we  read  :  "  We  Passe  over  a  ("assway  one  &  a  half  mile   In  Length.     Come 


"'ft'.^./S., 


Stale  -  '  rixile  (about) 


N<^ 


*-^. 


^v 


Z^ 


<-* 


%.. 


Map  No.  25.    Causkway  ihom  Baik  Vkrte  to  Fort  Gaspereau  (Monckton). 

From  an  old  Plan  ;   x  3. 

to  ye  Fort  Oauspearu."  Tnices  of  this  causeway  are  still  to  be  seen  and  are 
known  locally.  Its  exact  coui-se  is  shown  on  old  plans  in  the  Crown  f^aiid 
I  )thce.     ( Map  No.  25. ) 

In  connection  with  the  military  operations  of  IT'd-l?")"),  ami  upon  the 
maps  of  the  time,  several  places  are  prominently  nu'iitioned.  The  sites  of 
the  principal  of  these  are  as  follows  : 

Pont  a  Buot.  The  mapsshow  this  bridge  acnjss  the  Misseguasli  ahout  two  miles 
above  I'oit  ISeausejour,  at  Point  a  iluot.  The  place  is  pointed  out  by  tradi- 
tion, and  is  made  certain  by  the  extremely  deiailecl  maps  of  Franquet. 
(.Maps  No.  12(),  27.)  The  Riraj-i'  n T Oiir.<  is  a  small  stream  crossing  the  high- 
way road  some  4(X)  yards  west  of  Point  i.le  Bute  corner.  There'  was  here  a 
l'"rench  post  later  to  be  mentioned 

Butte  a  Roger.  There  is  no  doubt  as  to  its  I'lcatinn.  It  is  shown  clearly  on  the 
P'reiich  Plan  of  17")'">  ( 1"7'.M  and  elsewheix'.  I'laiuiuel  says  a  guard  was  kept 
there.  Ft  is  the  marked,  somewhat  isolated  little  hill  east  of  the  iiighway 
road  between  .Siekville  and  .\ndierst,  just  where  it  descends  Fuct  ( 'uniber- 
laiiil  Ridge,  (see  Map  No.  24).  On  its  top  seems  to  be  a  cellar,  perhaits  not 
ancient. 

Some  of  the  other  ituttes  are  easy  to  identify.  Uutte  a  .huiot  was 
that  from    which   the   Riviere  a  I'Ours  descended,  and  .laiiot's   house  was 


I 
I 


286 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


3aiji:  Francoise 


!|-'^r5lela  Vuiie're 

Fort  ang/cr.'r^i^y  .aj^,„         '^Hohi'-otn 

J^Beaubai-^^  ■Sl^^o't'i^  ^e  Beau 
Sin 


petit  pottacc\\aii petit  fondrier 


4w  ttborr>f  5ur  l«  cote'.   JXTfetit  lac 
par  les  boib-  '    ^-.  r       r 

^Xac  Large 

'^jLac  Kafio. 


? I';c  c  la  tasse  d'arqent    Zf 
Foirjtea/a  i 


hauteur  Q  Ibttfm-.^tr:^      ^oi'S 
■  tc  du  pn'ta^e  cu  I'cn  i,.,°V  ,l,e'>^'''ii=--^ 
S'lmborquc  pcur  bfou-    P»?fei.-V^'^    ., 

■iejoi/f  ^/tLroi>plartt<  dans  Ittrunc. 

botcau  jf     t 

_ A^pcH7f^.ai'trp  tombc  p'y*  tinciennc 
\°        /A'.Tombe    so.ovlu^e 
V^        f/pont     

Irairifs  Harecoqeusfr'^  ^ "^^    7r"~~~^— -<r''^ .  »-  1.1/ 

— ~^^_^^- —__---' — "      ^Esr^'^;^ip«^C  a  u 

Fond   df 'q  Baue    Verte 


iiio     ypt. 


luuO 


Cotf     ai/O 


J 


Map  No.  26.    Tm-;  IsTinii-s  of  Chiunwio,  in  Fuanqukt,  1752. 
From  the  Ottawa  copy  of  the  original  in  Paris  ;    ■    ,7„. 


% 


[gjwonoT 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


287 


there,  according  to  Fraiiqiiet,  and  it  i.«  shown  on  liif  jilaii  [Map  I'd],  Jiutte 
:i  <^'harles  was  hut  V20  toises  from  Fort  Beausejour,  and  parallel.  The  Btitte 
Ariiii-ande  was  a  half  league  away,  and  was  perhapsthe  hill  where  St.  Shirk's 
(linrch  now.«tands,  tliough  it  niay  have  been  a  gravel  hill  nearer  the  marsh.' 
Bloody  Bridge.  This  place  took  its  name  from  an  event  thus  described  by  Mr. 
Milner  :  "  A  more  tragic  affair  occurred  earlier  in  the  year  [1759]  when  a 
sergeant  and  three  men  of  tlic  Provincial  Rangers  and  seven  soldiers  of  the 
4t)th  Kegiment  then  at  the  fort  went  out  to  cut  wood.  They  were  ambus- 
caded at  a  place  called  Bloody  Bridge, 
and  Ave  of  them  were  scalped  and 
stripped." 

Its  site  is  well  known  and  marked 
on  IMap  No.  24.  The  earthen  abut- 
ments of  the  old  bridge  on  which  the 
old  French  road  crossed  the  small 
stream  here  flowing  intothe'Aulac  are 
still  to  be  seen. 

Another  locality  of  simitar  interest 
is  known  locally, — a  place  at  the 
Foutlicrn  end  of  Jolicure,  where  Lieut. 
Dickson  and  several  soldiers  were 
ambuscaded  by  the  Indians  in  1757, 
the  men  .slain  and  Dickson  carried  off 
a  captive  to  Quebec. 
Portage  Hill.  Tliis  is  marked  on  the  Fran- 
quet  ma]i  [Map  No.  20],  and  men- 
tioned by  him  in  iiis  report,  as  "  Butte 
du  Portage."  He  states  there  were 
two  liouses  there,  and  a  storehouse 
for  the  reception  of  gof)ds  in  transit  by 
the  portage  route  from  Beausejour  to 
Baie  Verte.  The  pos'tion  of  this  hill 
is  well  known  ;  it  is  still  called  /'ortagi' 
Ilill,  and  the  road  pai-ses  over  it  just 
to  the  ea,stward  of  Portagr  lirkitji-. 
[See  .Ship  No.  24.]  On  the  very  topof 
this  hill,  just  to  the  northward  of  the 
highway  road,  is  an  excavation  like  a 
large  cellar,  overgrown  with  hushes, 
wliich  is]iossibly  the  cellar  of  the  store- 
house, and  residents  state  there  were 
other  cellars  on  the  south  side  of  the 
road,  a  little  fartherto  the  east.  Here 
the  jxirtage  Ix'gan  from  the  liead waters 
of  the  -M is.^egnash  to  Baie  Vert*?,  as 
already  described. 

OKI  J'reneh  dykes  are  known  in 
s.'veral  places,  particularly  on  the 
Aulac,    where  they    have  been   ren- 


MaP    No.     27.      SURROTNUINOS    OF 

Pont  A  Bcot,  hy  Fijanquet, 
1752.  From  the  Ottawa  copy  of 
the  original  in  Paris  ;   n  J. 


A. 
B. 


Logement  du  Commandant. 
Cazernes  pour  le  detachement. 


(: 


1  These  buttcs  are  iiioatly  roundi'il  Brarcl  hills  («oologic!»lly  "(inirolint")  nxtoiulingalonn  the 
eouthotiStern  side  of  tlic  Kort  ('iiiiiberlftud  Ilidgo.  Thoy  would  form  ideal  sites  for  the  houses  of  the 
marHli  farms. 


288  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

dered  utjt'k'f-f-  by  the  construction  of  aboideimx  at  the  nioiitli  of  tluit  river. 
A  series  of  dykes  is  to  be  seen  on  Prospect  Farm,  at  Point  de  liute,  where 
they  have  been  pointed  out  to  me  by  Mr.  Howard  Trueman,  tiie  owner  of 
this  place. 

B.      FOKTS. 

A.— Fort  Beausejour.  There  is  not  tlie  slightest  doubt  as  to  the  location  of  this 
fort.  It  was  captured  by  the  British  in  ITo').  renameil  Fort  Cumberland, 
altered  in  details,  but  not  in  its  main  features,  and  the  ruins  are  perfectly 
distinct  to-dav. 


Map  No.  28.    Plan  of  Fort  BEAish';.ioL-it,  i!y  Fiianqikt,  1752. 
From  the  Ottawa  copy  of  the  original  iu  Paris  ;   x  S. 

A  plan  of  the  fort  is  among  the  Franquet  plans,  of  which  an  outline  is 
given  herewith  [\n.  L'8].  Another  outline  is  on  the  map  in  the  "  Memoires 
sur  le  Canada.''  After  it  became  Fort  Cumberland  several  ])lans  of  it  were 
made.  In  the  British  Museum,  King's  Library,  CXIX..  is  a  series  of  views 
of  Fort  Cum])erland  of  great  interest.     A  plan  of  the  fort  accompanies  tbe 


mimf, 


m 


[ganokg] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


289 


r('i)(irt  <if  Kobfrt  Morse  in  Canadian  Airliives,  1SS4,  XXVII.,  1S8I,  'M. 
AnuthiT  is  in  tin-  Crown  Land  Ofticc,  Wi'stniorland  Uook,  I.,  40,  and  it  is 
partially  n])on  tliis  tliat  Map  No.  44  is  based.' 
B. — Fort  Qaspereuu.  The  site  <>f  tliis  fort  is  likewise  perfectly  known,  for  the 
Hritisli,  alter  takinsi  and  renaming  it  Fort  Monekton  in  175.'),  altered  it  only 
in  iletails,  and  its  niins  are  plain  to-<lay.  Franiini'l  made  a  most  detailed 
plan  of  it.  of  wliicli  an  ontlini-  is  given  lu-rewitli  [map  No.  L'9].     In  August, 


Map  No.  29.    I'lan  of  Fout  (Jasi-kkjcau,  hv  Fr.\nquet,  1752, 
From  the  Ottawa  Li)])y  of  tlic  oricinal  in  Paris  ;    x  ^. 

A.    Logenie      i     '  ■■    <  ;  iMafia.>sin.  E.     Hatiments  converts,  etc. 


15.     ^Nlagasin  fK's  Vivres. 

C.  Lo<;ement  (le  rOtticier  Connnaudaiit. 

D.  Poudriere. 


W.     liatlnuMit  .  .  .  propose  pour  loger  le 

(Ictaciiement. 
*i.     Corps  de  .aarde  projette. 


1S!)7,  I  niadi'  an  examination  awd  ijimi  "f  ilie  ])resent  condition  of  it,  which 
is  given  lieriwitli  [nuip  No.  :it»]  h  stbfctwstlic  considi'rahle  changes  wliiih 
ha\e  occmred  in  tlic  coast  line  since  l~i',  uml  jtoints  to  the  time  when  the 
niinsofiliis  fuii  will  In  cniirely  was>*'d  away.  A  full  account  of  the  fort 
wac  given  li\  \'..  '['.  I'.  Siicwen  altoni  ISiti.*  in  a  Icn-page  pamphlet  entitled 
'".Notes  of  Foil  .Monckt<in."  Ther>'  is  id^o  a  phni  in  tin-  liriii-h  Museum 
differing:  "'iinew  hill  from  I'^'iinii net's. 
C— The  Post  at  Pont  iiBuot.  The  location  ..f  this  post  is  made  <crtaiu  hy  tlie 
Une  map  of  I'rampiet  [map  .No.  27]  ,  and  he  also  gives  a  full  descriptioii  of 
it  in  liis  re[)ort.  Not  the  slightest  trace  of  this  [lost  now  remain-,  but  the 
hi  asnrements  so  accnranly  given  enatile  .'i.-    to  tind  the  ai)])ro,\imate  site. 

'    'till' c'i>iii|i»KB  uii  M.i|    No,  J8  sliiiw^  thill  tliu  I'nrif  wu>   not  wlprc  tlu'  present  iiiair.  >«traii<->    19, 
but  faced  the  roiid  whiili  leil  along  tlin  lidyn. 


290 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


j'HiPriilTliiflMiffii'ilTOHini'" 


The  coiirHoof  the  Misscj^nash  liiis  cluiiifjcd  soiiicwluit  r^iiici'  I'ranqiiot's  map 
WiW  luiulo,  and  the  riviT  is  now  much  farllier  out  from  iho  shore.  The 
Riviere  a  VOars  (the  small  stream  west  of  the  present  Point  de  Butt;  Corner, 
(Maj)  No.  24)runs]iere  in  a  gully  a  few  feet  deep,  as  the  hauhure  lines  of 
the  Franquet  map  inn)ly. 

There  is  said  locally  to  have  been  a  block-house  about  half  a  mile  north 
of  Fort  Beausejour,  on  the  present  "  Boomer  Place,"  about  1(W  yards  from 
tlie  road  on  tlic  highest  point  of  the  ridge.  It  is  supposed  to  have  com- 
manded the  road  leading  from  the  present  Sackville. 

Fraiiquet'.s  Koport  mentions  also  French  posts  at  Weska  [Wcstcock], 
and  Chipoudy  [S]iei)ody].     As  to  the  former,  I  have  no  idea  of  tlu' site  of 

the  post.  As  to  that  at  Shepody  it 
is  possible  it  stood  on  St.  Mary's 
point,  for  the  ^huite  map  and 
French  plan  both  l)eloiiging  in 
1755,  put  a  fort  or  post  on  this  point 
and  call  \tfovt  dc  Slirpodij.  There 
is  no  trace  of  it  to  be  seen,  or  known 
locally. 

Between  the  Memramcook  and 
the  Petitcodiac  is  a  point  known 
locally  as  Furl  FoUij  Point  [Folly 
Point  on  the  maps].  I  am  told  by 
residents  that  there  was  a  fort  on 
the  point  on  whose  site  the  present 
liglit-house  was  built.'  and  tiiat  it 
was  said  to  have  been  built  by  the 
Acadians  during  their  troubles  with 
the  English.  Locally  it  is  said  it 
was  called  Folly  because  there  was 
really  nothing  there  to  defend.  It 
is  possible  that  both  here  and  on 
St.  Mary's  Point  there  were  jiosts 
for  observation  of  the  approaching 
English  and  the  giving  of  alarms  to 
the  settlers  up  tlie  rivers.  Thus 
the  ■' ^lemoires  surle Canada,"  [p. 
44]  mentions  witli  reference  to  the  approacii  of  Monckton's  lleet  towards 
Beausejour  in  1755;  "  Vergor  I'ignoroit  ;  des  habitans  de  Chiixiudy  et  de 
Pekekoudiac,  ayant  a])er(;u  cettc  flotte,  le  liii  firent  savoir  en  toute  diligence." 
Probably  they  jKissed  by  land  over  the  ^lenu-aincook  portage  to  Westcock 
and  thence  across  the  marshes  to  Beausejour. 


Map  No.    30.    Present    condition  of  Fort 

gasi'ereat'  (monckton). 

From  a  plan  by  the  author  in  1897. 

Cross-Unrs  are  ramparts,  Icngfnu  'sc  lines  are 

the  ditch. 


■ 


4-     The  liichibucto  District. 

In  this  part  of  the  Province,  from  Cape  Tormentine  to  Cape  Escumi- 
nac,  the  Acadian  scttlement.s  became  move  numerous  tlian  elsewhere  in 
New  Brunswick,  nistorically  they  may  be  divided  into  two  groups, 
those  fornoed  before  the  expulsion,  and  those  formed  bince. 

'  A  losiilont  tells  iup  that  he  helped  in  the  building  of  the  lighthouse,  and  in  making  its  founda- 
tion a  wall  of  stone  2.T  feet  in  length,  the  so-ealled  fort,  had  to  be  torn  down. 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


201 


A.    Settlements. 


B.     Forts. 


The  1'Virt  'if  IK'C 'hauffiiurs,  alreiuiy  spoken  of,  wiiH,  of  cfiiirse,  mrrclv  a 
palisadefl  flwdling. 
A. — Shodiae.  lUu  a  siiiglo  tori  of  importaiioo  in  this  ri'j,'iMn  is  known,  that  at 
Shfiliac.  often  incntioni'il  in  early  dociuneiUs  aiul  siiown  on  maps.  It  was 
I  iiiil  l)y  LaCorne  in  174'.'.  and  is  si)oken  of  in  one  reixirt  as  "  ])reniiei-  cialj- 
lisseini.'iil  dii  Koi."     Frannuet  speaks  of  it  in  his  rex)ort  lUi  "  the  first  estah- 


n 


A.— De  Chauffours'  Settlement  at  ftichibucto.  The  Seigniorial  grant  to  the 
SienrdeChanffours  of  l(iS4,  states  that  on  the  border  of  the  river  riichibiicto, 
oil  the  coast  on  the  sonthwest,  he  had  two  years  previously  taken  tip  three 
arpeiits  of  land,  and  had  built  a  fort  of  stakes  and  twf)  houses  for  his  resi- 
dence and  to  store  the  <;r:iin  he  had  raised  the  jirevions  year.  The  site  of 
this  scttk'nient  we  do  not  know.  Tradition  iilaci's  the  earliest  French 
settlement  at  Fiichibucto  Cape,  [t  was  jiossibly  on  the  south  side  of  the 
harbour  not  far  west  of  Indian  Island.  Cooiiey  states  that  before  17.55 
the  P'rench  were  pretty  thickly  settled  at  Kichibucto,  (where  the  town  now 
sianils, )  w h(  i-e  there  was  a  vilhige  of  about  forty  houses,  and  another  small 
one  at  the  month  of  the  Aldouane.  Aside  from  tlu'sc,  however.  I  know  of 
no  reference  to  ]ire-expidsion  settlements  in  this  region,  though  there  must 
have  been  settlers  at)out  the  different  harbours. 

The  years  between  17")!  and  17'>7)  were  troublous  enough  for  the  Aca- 
d inns  about  the  head  of  the  Hay  of  Fundy,  antl  many  of  tliem  retired  to 
Shediac  and  the  otluT  harbours  of  this  I'oast,  and  yet  mon*  who  escaped  the 
e.K|)ulsion  in  I7")"),  retn^ati'd  to  the  same  region.  Bellin  in  17o->,  speaks  of 
all  this  coast  as  inhabited.  From  17o5  onwards  considerable  settlements  were 
fonning  about  tlu'se  harbours,  and  unlike  those  at  ^liramichi,  Nej)isiguit  and 
iiestigouche  they  a[)pear  not  to  have  been  again  disturbed  Ijy  the  iMiglish. 
Much  abont  the  history  of  these  settlements  has  been  publislied  in  news- 
paper articles  by  ]M.  Placide  Gaudet,  from  whom  the  following  fads  are 
taken:  The  original  settlement  at  Shediac  was  at  (irandigue  on  the  iiortli 
of  the  harbfitn-  where  a  large  settlement  still  is,  an<l  the  present  site  c  tf  Shediac 
was  not  occupied  until  the  present  century.  In  17()7  lands  were  assigned  to 
twenty-four  Acadians  at  Shediac  and  Cocagne  [Murdoch.  II.,  47L'].  In  1772 
lands  were  graiiti'il  to  Acadians  at  C(jcagne.  The  settlement  f)f  linctouche 
was  not  foundid  until  nso,  and  Richibucto  in  17!H).  In  1791  sevend  Acadians 
petitioned  Governor  Carleton  for  lands  on  the  south  bank  of  Ricliiljiicto,  and 
in  17(iiS  they  were  given  a  grant  of  what  is  now  Richibucto  village.  There 
were,  however,  no  doubt  Aciwlian  settlers  much  earlier  on  this  river.  The 
large  island  south  of  the  entrance  is  on  the  clmrt*!  called  French  M'lmi,  but 
is  also  known  as  Indian  Island.  St.  Louis  de  Kent  was  establisheil  in  1S(I.">. 
On  the  condition  of  these  settlements  in  1811,  1812,  the  .lounud  of  Bishop 
l*le»'sis  is  very  valuable. 

B. — Belair  vers  Cocagne  in  .Vljbe  le  ( iuerne's  letter  of  17o(),  wa,s,  according  to  ^M. 
(iaudet,  six  or  seven  miles  up  the  Cocagne  on  the  north  side. 

At  Cocagne  Cape,  according  to  M.  (iaudet,  is  a  place  still  called  Camp  dc 
lioishihcrt,  where  I'xiislu'bert  spent  the  winters  of  17").5-5G. 


292 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


r      5;.-'le    I- 


./ 
"I 


lisliiiK^nt  of  the  Kiiif^  ;  tluM-c  is  tlicrc  u  ffiiunl  iiiiijfai'.ino  and  storchoiipe." 
Ik'Hiii  spi'aks  of  tho  "  lu'tit  fort"  lii-iv  in  17.V).  It  is  marked  on  D'Anvillo's 
map  of  17o5,  GrtH'n-Jefft'ryH  of  tlu-  same  year  and  Montrcsor  of  1  ("(VS,  in  all 
casrs  on  the  nortli  side  of  tlic  Slicdiac  river  a  little  above  its  month.  In  1S'»7 
1  visited  Slu'diac  and  made  an  effort  to  Ideate  the  fort.  I  fonnd  that  local 
trudition  pointed  to  Indian  Island,  (an  island  in  the  harhonr  so  small  that  it 

is  n(jt  shown  on  most  mai)S, )  and  that  no  site 
on  the  mainland  seemed  to  be  known  to  the  re- 
sidents [map  No.  .■!!].  I  visited  Indian  Island 
and  found  the  distinrt  remains  of  an  earth- 
work some  t  hree  feet  high  with  a  shallow  ditch 
outside.  As  much  of  this  as  can  be  seen,  is 
sliown  on  the  accompanying  map  No.  .'!i'. 
The  island,  a  Hat  gravel  terrace,  10  to  lo  fiM't 
al)ove  high  tide  and  densely  wooded,  israjiidly 
washing  away,  but  it  is  t'a.sy  to  trace  the  fur- 
njer  extent  of  the  fort  fnjni  the  ruins  that 
remain.  It  is  said  by  residents  of  the  har- 
bour that  this  is  known  as  the  Indian  fiut, 
and  that  it  \\as  called  1\>H  Sunriiiic  by  the 
Fi'<»ncli,  and  1  have  been  tokl  by  an  Indian 
chief  that  it  was  built  by  the  Indians  I'or  pro- 
tection against  the  .Mohawks.  It  isditlicult  to 
believe  that  this  very  small  fort  on  a  tiny 
islaiul  surrounded  by  salt  water  was  the 
I'^rench  fort  referred  to  in  the  documents  of 
the  time,  and  it  may  be  really  a  fort  built  by 
the  Indians  themselves,  as  were  Xerepis.  Me- 
dnctic,  Kichibucto  and  other  Indian  foils. 
whiU'  the  French  fort  was  perhaps  on  the 
mainland,  lint  it  is  didicult  to  explain  on 
the  latter  sujjposition  how  all  knowledge  ul  it 
has  utterly  disai)pe:irud.' 


I, 


[  S 1  il  Ti  U. 


r 


} 


^-i^-^' 


5hediac  Karb; 


r' 


L 


^N 


(-^SKediac 


Map  No.  ;il,    Shediac  Harhour. 
From  a  chart. 


5.     The  Miramirhi  District. 


A.- -Settlement  of  Richard  Denys  de  Fronsac.  This  was  the  earliest  French 
settlement  on  the  ^lii-annchi  of  which  we  have  any  authentic  record,  Ijut  its 
site  is  uncertain,  liichard  IH'nys  was  son  of  Nicolas  Denys,  who  had  settle- 
ments at  iNIiscon  and  Nepisiguit.  LeClcrcq  speaks  of  having  visited  it  before 
1(191,  and  St,  Yalier  in  KiSS  speaks  of  it  as  "a  little  fort  of  fotu-  t)astions 
formed  of  stakes,  and  in  this  fort  a  house  where  M,  de  Fronsac  makes  his 
residence"  [p,  .S2],  As  to  its  site,  LeCIercq  gives  us  no  help  ;  but  St.  Yalier 
says  of  it  that  it  was  on  tlie  Ei ver  of  Manne,  at  a  league  from  that  of  St.  Croix, 
and  that  near  it  ["pres  de  la"]  is  a  place  called,  in  the  language  of  the 
Indians,  Skitioiilioiidirlif,  where  were  the  three  leagues  of  land  given  to  the 
Recollets  for  a  mission  by  M.  Denys,     There  is  no  doubt  as  to  the  locatiijii 

1  During  my  visit  to  Slu'diac  I  was  under  tlic  impressicn  thiit  tlie  mapi  marlied  the  fort  on  the 
eoutli  side  of  tlie  entrance  to  tlie  Shediac,  and  hence  made  my  inquiries  there,  and  examined  the  point 
witli  great  care.  I  did  not  look  on  the  north  side,  but  the  residents,  who  took  much  interest  in  the 
inquiries,  would  hardly  have  failed  to  know  of  it  were  there  any  tradition  of  its  existence. 


m 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUXSWICK 


293 


BIS 

US 
lor 
|x, 
he 
lie 
l>n 


lUe 


f>f  Skiinnihoiiiliclir.  As  alrciuly  cxplaiiicil  il  ^vu^' iit  liiirnt  ('luiivli  ;  licnuc 
Hi'iiys'  scttlciiuMit  was  near  it,  and  lu'rliaps  lit  Burnt  t'lmreli  Point  itsili, 
wlicro  later  was  ii  ('(insiderahle  villa^fe.  This  ]ii)int  can,  Imwever,  lianliy  In' 
said  til  lie  at  a  leaj,nie  I'mMi  tlie  liiver  St.  Croix,  the  old  I'rench  name  of  the 
Mii-aniichi.  li  the  Kiver  Maime  could  ho  located  it  woiiM  settle  tiie  jioiiit  ; 
l)ut  the  name  si'enis  French,  not  Indian,  ami  despite  nuicli  search,  1  have 
not  lieeu  ahle  to  identity  it. 
Another  iiint  as  to  its  site  is 
fliven  us  hy  LeClereii  [ji.  1'.);!], 
who  speaks  of  si)eudinjf  a 
nijjht  at  }firi)iniiiiion)ii .  four 
leafjues  from  the  fort  of  M. 
Richard  de  l"ronsa<'.  The 
only  ideiuilication  for  this 
name  1  have  lieen  ahle  to 
make  is  that  it  re]iresents 
yfiitil-inini-dk-iiii.  which,  with 
tin' Usual  suhsiitution  of  /for 
/,  is  not  unlike  it.  Munl-iiiiin- 
ii1;-uu  is  the  Micmac  name  of 
the  Northwest  Miraniichi,  and 
fotir  leagues  [ahoui  ten  miles] 
from  it  Would  hiin|j;one  to  the 
fork.s  at  Beaui)ears  Island.' 
On  the  northern  l)ank  here, 
just  at  the  junction,  the  Ju- 
meaii  niai>  of  ItiS.'i  places  a 
flag,  which  may  imjily  tliat 
the  fort  sto(jd  there,  and  a 
further  conlirmation  is  given 
to  this  site  hy  the  Franciuelin- 
I>o^Ieulles  map  of  idSii  which 
names  the  little  stream  south- 
east of  the  present  Beauhears 
Island,  f..  fic  ^fi)^xi<lH  (Map 
No.  33).  But  this  would  hardly 
agree  with  St.  Valier's  state- 
ment that  it  was  near  Skiuou- 
hoiidiche,  unless  there  wen; 
two  places  of  that  name. 

There  is  a  tradition  that  his  fort  stood  at  Bay  de  Viu,  at  the  point  on  tlie 
eastern  side  of  the  harliour  [shown  on  map  No.  10],  but  this  would  not  agree 
with  the  statements  of  St.  Valier.     One  might  suppose  that  lUrinr  dn  Caclte- 

1  Nicolaa  DeiijB  spent  some  diiya  lioro  bef«ie  1072,  as  lie  tclla  usiu  Iiis  Histoirc  (194),  and  doicribci 
what  seems  to  be  Strawberry  Point,  .ind  speaks  of  t)ie  great  quantity  of  "  fraiaes  and  franiboises  " 
upon  it. 

2  On  the  origin  of  this  word  my  Place  Nomenclature  is  perhaps  in  error.  The  original  survey  map 
of  1754  applies  what  is  apparently  ll*e  original  of  this  name  to  the  Oraud  Dune  Brook,  where  it  appears 
as  (imion  cairlti,  wliich  on  D'Anville  is  copied  as  viciix  Caichi.  Now,  a  fact  I  had  previously  over- 
looked, the  Micmac  name  of  Grand  Dune  Brook  is  A-he-am-ketck.  This  is  so  strikingly  like  atiiioii 
Ca ii'/i;  that  we  can  only  conclude  cither  that  the  latter  is  simply  the  French  pronunciation  of  the 
former,  or  else  that  the  Indi.ana  have  kept  trie  French  name,  pronouncing  it  as  nearly  as  they  can  like 
the  French,  just  as  on  the  St.  John  tliey  aaj  Pons  hetk  for  Boar's  Head.    The  former  is  the  more 


Map  No.  32.    Rkmains   of  the  Fort  on 

Indian  Island,  Shediac  Harrocr. 

From  a  plan  by  the  Author,  1897. 

Cross-linea  are  mmjxtrti,  lengthwise  lines 

are  ditch. 


294 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


[Kivcr  lit' tlif  hiiliii};  pliirc]  iiii^jlit  lie  ciiiiiicctcil  w  illi  it.  Tlif  niininal  river 
of  lliis  iiiiiiic  f^cciiiH  to  have  lu't'ii  the  (iniiid  |)iiM(',  hut  tiiciv  is  really 
notliii:}^  to  coiiin'cl  iH'iiys  willi  it. 
B.— Bay  du  Via.  Traditions  are  fjivcii  hy  Cooiicy  a.^  to  the  t'oiimlatioii  of  tlie 
liay  (111  X'iii  sctllciiiciiis  ill  IIi7l' or  hi".'!,  hut  there  is  no  historical  evidence 
\vhale\cr  I'or  such  statements.      IJiit    relics  du}{  ii|),  cellais,  and  trailitions  all 


■'^^V^^'^^^&r^. 


Scgie  oj  Mlte& 


/fames  in  Italics  are  extinct 
:ifr Modern.  Settlements 


Map  No.  33.    Historical  Map  oI'-  part  ob'  Miramichi. 

])oint  to  tlie  existence  of  former  French  settlements  at  several  points,  though 
we  have  no  evidence  at  all  as  to  the  dates  of  their  formation.  A  very  lai-ge 
settlement,  with  a  ch.apel  whose  site  is  known,  is  said  to  liave  existed  oppo- 
site Bay  du  Vin  Island.  Probably  most  of  them  were  not  earlier  than  175(), 
at  out  which  time  settlers  began  to  leave  the  peninsula  of  Nova  Scotia  in 
some  numbei's. 

proliHblc  explauiition,  and  it  would  msikc  K.  Du  Cache  simply  a  French  familiarization  of  the  Indian 
name  n  moved  to  a  new  locality,  and  would  upset  my  tlieory  on  pag,  223  of  ttio  Place  Nomenclature.  It 
is  very  puazilng. 


V 


[CIANONO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


29B 


OIluT  rcniiiiiis  arc  fdtiml  nil  I'«a\' dii  \  in  l.^^laiid.  Crciixius'  iiaii)  nf  liidO 
iiiarkH  II  i^i'ttli'iiiciit  "11  the  sniuli  sidfnl'  tlic  liiiy.  Aiidtlicr  early  scttlt'inciit 
was  near  wliat  is  >'till  failed  I^'reiicli  i{iver  I'niiit  (Map  NO.  KM.  The  local 
tradilinii,  as  t;iveii  me  by  a  resident,  is  thai  this  \illaf;e  jiMrsued  the  dofi-litih 
(islicry  f(ir  the  sake  nf  the  skins,  which  ('oiiinianded  a  pnxl  price  in  Franctv 
where  they  were  used  for  [lolishiiif;  imrixises. 

C— Beauboars  Point  and  Island.  There  can  he  little  dmiht  that  here  also  was 
an  extensive  settleinent,  tliniifjh  we  kimw  nnthiiif;  ])iisitively  !is  to  its  origin. 
I'ldhahly,  however.  It  too,  if  not.  formed  ahoiii,  17.")t),  was  at  least  increased 
about  that  time,  and  dotihtlcsH  still  more  after  the  expulsion  of  17")').  Cooney 
])laces  the  settlement  on  Iteauliears  Toint  /.«•.  Wilsons  Point  (  map  No.  '>'.'>), 
comprisini;  a  town  of  two  hiiiidre(l  houses,  a  chafiel  aii<l  iimvision  stores; 
but  iuo8t  of  the  remains  of  settlement  known  locally  are  on  the  island.  .\ii 
old  road  alonj;  its  centre  is  considered  locally  to  be  French.  Cooney  states 
there  was  a  battery  on  the  eastern  end  of  the  island.  In  17")(i  there  were 
.'v'KK)  French  under  Ikiish^'bert  on  tlu-  Miramichi  (Murdoch,  II.,  ,'{1'J). 
Doubtless  this  settlement  was  destroyed  by  Wolfe's  expeilitioii  of  175s. 
Local  tradition  states  that  the  pas.saj^e,  called  "  the  Tickle,"  is  artificial,  and 
was  madi' by  lioishebi'rt.  This  is  an  error,  for  ,!unieau's  mai)  of  KIK.")  and 
I-'raiKiuelin-Di'MeiilU's  of  KiSd  show  it  with  pi-rfect  ck-arnes*!. 

D.— Canadian  Point.  The  tradition  is  that  here  was  a  settlement  of  some 
importance.  This  is  continued  by  a  most  interesting  view  made  in  17oSliy 
one  of  Wolfe's  otlicers,  ])ul)lislK'd  as  a  copper[)late  in  London  in  17(1.S.  It  is 
entitled  "A  View  of  Miramichi,  a  French  Settlement  in  the  (iulf  of  l^t. 
Lawrence,  destroyed  by  Urigadier  .Murray  detached  by  (ieiieral  Wolfe  for 
that  purpo.se,  from  the  liay  of  (iasiie."'  This  view  shows  a  si'ttlemenl  of 
four  housi'S  and  a  church  on  the  left  bank  of  the  river,  at  a  place  which  I 
can  only  identify  as  just  east  (^f  the  extremity  of  Canadian  Point  (map  No. 
.'W).  M.  (laudet  calls  this  point  In  jioitili:  iinulioiiii,  oi  which  riuiiidiiin  may 
be  a  corrui)tion. 

E. — French  Fort  Cove.  Tradition  j)laces  liere  an  early  battery,  no  doubt 
corrt'ctly.  The  l)attery  must  have  stooil  on  the  western  entiimce  to  the  cove, 
which  i.-i  still  calk'd  locally  "  Battery  Hill,"  for  the  position  is  admirably 
adapted  for  the  purpose  (map  No.  ;>;i).  There  is  here  a  high  bluff,  and  the 
channel  of  the  river  curves  close  to  the  shore,  so  that  the  command  of  the 
river  from  the  liluff  is  perfect.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  tlu'  Battery 
Point  and  I'oint  la  <>arde  on  the  Kestigouche,  and  no  doubt  there  was  ;i 
battery  here  to  protect  the  important  settlements  above. 

F. — Burnt  Church  Point.  IL're  was  no  doul)t  a  very  important  village,  and 
this  pointon  the  fine  survey  map  of  17">4  is  called  "  I'ointedi-  \'illage."  The 
Indian  settlement  and  church  were  close  beside  it,  and  it  was  the  burning  of 
this  church  by  the  English  in  17r>.S  that  gave  it  its  name.  The  local  tradi- 
tion, as  givi'U  by  Cooney.  is  that  it  was  burnt  by  tin?  captain  of  a  ship  bearing 
the  remains  (jf  Wolfe  to  England  in  reprisal  for  the  murder  of  some  of  his 
men  bv  the  Indians,  but  it  is  much  more  likely  that  it  was  burnt  by  the 
expedition  of  17o8,  above  mentioned,  which  wiis  sent  by  Wolfe?  for  tluv 
exi)ress  puri)ose  fif  di'stroying  the  French  villages  on  the  Miramichi.  As  1 
have  elsewhere  pointed  (jut,  the  tradition  of  the  six  murdered  sailors  may 
belong  earlier,  and  explain  certain  place  names  in  that  region  (Place  Nomen- 

1  This  view  18  published  in  the  new  illustrated  edition  of  Parkman'a    "Moutcalm  and  Wolfe" 
(Little,  Brown  it  Co.),  which  contains  also  a  portrait  of  Uoishebert. 

Sec.  II.,  1899.     20 


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296  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

clnturc,  22:>).  Tliis  in,  of  course,  tlu'  village  mentioned  by  Smethurst  in 
I7<il.  The  villiige  of  Neguac,  near  by,  is  probably  one  of  the  Aeadian  pettle- 
nients  founded  later  in  the  century,  though  Cooney  states  that  old  Frimcli 
remains  were  visible  then-. 

Tnidition  also  j)laces  an  early  French  establishment  of  Denys  at  Portage 
Island,  used  in  Inmting  sea-cow  or  walrus. 

A  branch  f)f  the  Low«'r  Tabusintac  is  on  the  maps  named  French  Cove 
Brook,  probably  indicating  an  early  settlement. 


6.     The  Nepisiguit  District. 

In  this  region  there  were  two  principal  centrcB  of  settlement,  Nepisi- 
guit  and  Miscou.  Their  early  hiistory  has  been  most  fully  and  clearly 
sketched  by  Dr.  N.  E.  Dionno  in  his  "Miscou"  in  Le  Canada  Fran9ais, 
1S89.  Recently  Rev.  W.  O.  Raymond  has  written  upon  the  same  subject 
(in  Collections,  M.  B.  Historical  Society,  II.,  81-134).  A  valuable  detailed 
account  of  the  settlements  of  Miscou  in  this  century,  with  some  traditions, 
is  to  be  found  jn  Pcrley's  Report  on  the  Fisheries  of  New  Brunswick,  1852. 

A.— The  earliest  settlement  on  Miscou  must  have  been  that  of  Raymond  de  la  Ralde 
in  162:!  (Dionne),  who  had  a  fishing  and  trading  establishment  there.  Its 
site  is  unknown,  but  i)robably  it  wa.s  on  Miscou  harbotir. 

B.— Mission  of  St.  Charles.  In  l&U  was  founded  the  Jesuit  Mission  of  Saint 
Charles  at  Miscou,  which  is  frequently  referred  to  in  the  Relations  after  that 
date.  The  site  of  this  important  mission  is  not  positively  known.  The 
many  references  to  it  in  the  Relations  give  no  hint  of  its  site.  Local  tradi- 
tion places  it  at  Gnmdf  Plainc,  near  Mya  Point,  at  the  north  end  of  Miscou 
Island  (see  map  No.  34),  but  there  seems  to  be  little  basis  for  this  \iew,  and 
in  all  probability  it  is  an  error.  It  was  much  more  j  rol)ably  on  Miscou 
harbour,  and  there  are  two  reasons  for  this  belief.  First,  as  the  mission 
was  for  both  Indians  and  the  numerous  F<ench  fishermen,  it  would  have 
been  rear  where  the  French  could  use  it.  At  Grande  Plaine,  there  is  no 
Iiarbour  whatever  for  vessels,  but  fmly  the  open  sea,  the  most  exposed  of 
positions,  where  vessels  could  lie  only  in  the  calnie.«t  weather.  On  the  other 
hand,  Miscou  harbour  is  a  good  harbour  for  vessels,  and  has  been  used  by 
fishermen  in  great  numbers  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  the  present  day. 
It  was  while  their  ves.«els  were  at  anclK)r  in  safety  that  the  sailors  could  at- 
tend a  mission.  Second,  Father  Richard  in  the  Relation  of  l(>45,  speaks  of 
a  sea  voyage  from  Nepisiguit  to  Miscou,  and  remarks  especially  on  the  danger 
he  met  through  finding  Miscou  harbour  blocked  with  ice.  Had  his  destina- 
tion been  the  north  point  of  Miscou  the  blocking  of  the  harbour  would  not 
have  concerned  him  so  much.  If  it  was  on  the  harbour,  however,  we  do 
not  V:now  its  exact  site  unless  it  was  on  the  same  site  as  the  settlement  of 
Denys,  next  to  be  spoken  of  (map  Xo.  34).'  This  is  quite  probable,  since 
no  other  importimt  ancient  site  is  known  about  this  harbour,  except, 
perhaps,  I.  au  tresor  or  Money  Island,  on  which  many  coins  and  other  relics 
have  been  found.  The  lattei  nay  possibly  be  the  /.  a  inomieur  of  Jumeau's 
map  of  1685.    The  low  shores  of  this  harljour  do  not  offer  many  favourable 

1  TliR  fruahwater  springs  shown  ou  thii  iiiui>  arc  descrilied  liy  Doiiya, 


i  I 


!i 


[OANOSO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


297 


tcopt, 
rolics 
BoauV 
invblo 


Mya  Ibint 


J3ay  ChaleuT 


Wi/iori  Rint 


1^  Si. /far [in 


^y  '»^  Bateau 


a 
> 


A 

Scale  0/  Miles 

Ji/omes  m  Italics  are  tnilnct 
*Mo(tern  Settlement* 

•  •Fresnnrater  Springs 


mA 


I  i 


i' 


Map  No.  34.    Historical  Map  ok  Miscou  and  Suippkoan. 


298 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


sitt'S  for  .s'ttlcnit'iil,  iiiul  a  gi»A  siliiali<iii  is  likely  to  hv  occniiicil  by  many 
si'ttlciiiciit.x  in  sncccssion.  That  this  sitt^  was  on  what  we  now  rail  ShiiUH'pm 
Ih  not  the  least  objection,  sini-e,  nntil  alter  17(H),  both  islands  were  ealU'tl 
Miscon,  one  tin-  tinuule  Isle  de  Miscon,  th«'  other  I'elite  Islede  Miscoii.  The 
mission  had  a  bnineh  at  Ne|>isi(!uit  and  was  abandoned  about  lii(>'_*. 
C— Denys'  Settlement  on  Miscou  Harbour.  Uenys,  in  his  work  of  l(;72,  tells 
ns  with  the  greatest  clearness  of  his  settlement  on  this  harbour,  on  the  south 


'    tiEnaudi  Htsi<ieKce  (CooMjf) 


Mai'  No.  35.    Historical  Map  of  Batbuust  Harbour. 


«T^,.' 


[(lASOXO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  RRUNSWIfK 


299 


Hide,  where  lie  had  :i  "  hiil)il;ilii>n"  iuxl  jr-irdeii.'  In  iiiinllier  phice  lie  ^^Ilellkfl 
cif  I>iis-;iii<;  tlirnii<;li  tlie  harhimr  of  Miscini  fniin  tlie  eastern  eiitr.iiice  and 
(•(iiiiiii;;  tu  a  liiti;;  I)i)iiit  of  sand  wliich  makes  a  cove  <i|  cuisiderahle  extent, 
and  tlii'iH'  it  is  that  vessels  anciior.  This  must  iiave  Ih'i'ii  either  Harper's  or 
Sandy  Point  (southwest  of  Mar|M'i's),  and  the  iiilVrenee  is  that  his  settle- 
ment was  near  it.  The  site  of  Deiiys'  settlement  is  well  known  locally,  and 
niitil  u  few  years  ago  iraees  of  it  conltl  he  seen,  inchidinjr  liie  remains  of  an 
"  old  fort,"  whieh  now  are  entirely  washed  away.  It  was  at  I'ecten  Toint, 
in  the  jilace  marked  on  map  No.  :!4.'  This  site  has  heen  ideiititied  forme 
by  Hev.  lather, I.  1{.  I>oiicet,  to  whom  I  am  indelited  for  mneli  information 
upon  the  history  of  tlie  island,  and  it  is  ihns  sjiokeii  of  hy  Pioniie  i  p.  r)l,S)  : 
"On  voyait  encore  sm'  cette  ile,  il  n'y  a  pas  plus  de.")  oii  C  aiis,  les  ruinea 
lie  riiahitation  et  des  fori ilicat ions  ancieiines  eleves  jiar  l>enys.  I,e  fort 
etait  sitne  dn  cote  siid  dn  havre  de  Mi.scoii,  vis-a-vis  le  |iriiicipal  I'-lahlissement 
(1(^  I'ile.  oeciipe  il  y  a  ])his  de  deiix  siecles  par  les  I'raneais,  et  liahite  aiijotir- 
<rinii  par  im  };roii]>e  l^cossais.  L'on  pent  encore  voir  le  vieiix  cimi'iien',  siir 
la  propriele  irmi  iiomme  .Folin  Marks.  Les  proti'stants  un{  constriiit,  a 
proximito,  une  egiise  de  leur  secte." 

ra.ssing  next  to  the  settlements  at  Nepisijiiiit,  we  Ihid  them  in  the  fol- 
lowing order. 

D.— The  RecoIIot  Mission  at  Nepisiguit.  Le('lerci|  states  of  this  i)la(HMp.  20:\) : 
'•  Jycs  KecoUets  lie  la  I'rovince  dWiiiiilaine  y  out  commence  la  Mission 
i-n  !<)•_'()  i^:  le  Pere  Iiernardin,  tin  de  ces  illustres  Missionaires  iiioiirMt  de 
faim  1*1:  de  fatigues  en  iraversant  les  Ixiis  poiir  aller  di'  .Miseoii  i^  de  N'ipis- 
giiit  a  la  riviere  de  Saint  .h'an,  a  la  ( 'adie,  on  ces  Itevereiids  Peres  avoient 
leiir  etahli^sement  princiiial."  As  to  the  site  of  this  mission,  we  have  no 
hint  whatever. 

E.— The  Jesuit  Mission  at  Nepisiguit.  This  was  established  in  1044  a.s  a 
branch  of  the  mission  of  Miscoii.  It  is  several  times  referred  to  in  the 
IJelat ions,  but  never  in  a  way  to  locate  it.  LeCiercij  states  there  was  a 
chapel  lu're.  Mioiine  states  jiositively,  tliongh  without  giving  any  evidi'iice, 
that  this  chajiel  was  at  Point  an  Pere,  and  that  Donys  .settled  near  it.  .\  slen- 
der argnmeiit  for  this  might  be  based  upon  the  fact  that  old  plans  mark  Fergu- 
son's I'oint,  where  Di'iiys' settlemi'iit  later  stood,  "  Point  au  IVre,  so  called 
because  a  French  priest  is  burled  there,"  ( .^htp  .\o.  .">"i),  and  theri'  is  a  local 
tradition,  givi'ii,  however,  without  (lualilieatioii  by  I>ionne,  that  som(>  years 
ago  the  ri'iiiains  of  priests  were  removed  from  this  point  to  the  cemetery  at 
Hathiirst.  Kev.  Fat  her  Varrily,  however,  writes  me  then'  is  no  mention  of 
any  such  removal  in  the  Church  records,  nor  does  hi-  know  of  it.  Me  .says, 
however,  there  is  a  tiniditioii  that  the  .Iisuit  I'alhers  had  some  kind  of  an 
establishment  there.  He  says  further,  "  It  is,  however,  certain  that  on  the 
south  side  of  the  harbour,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Nepisiguit,  there  was  at  the 
tirst  di.scovery  of  the  coinitry  an  Indian  settlement,  and  that  a  French  gentle- 
mi'n  named  Knaud,  who  married  an  Indian,  owned  jiroperty  and  lived 
there.     This  place  was  visited  regularly  by  the  .lesuit  fathers  estal)lislied  at 

1  The  dnti"  ot  tlio  foiiiulntioii  of  tliin  ai'ttli'niGiit  is  probalily  fixid  l>y  a  iioti'  in  tlie  .lournnl  of  tlic 
■Tpsuits  of  lil'i2,— '•  Monsieur  Denya  goes  to  find  Monsieur  ili'  \:i  Tour,  in  ordi-r  tnestaldiili  himself  again 
towarda  Misron." 

-  .Many  relics  have  been  found  on  this  site.  Of  these  one  is  a  jiewter  pitcher,  having  the  date 
Kiol,  a  photograph  of  which  I  possess  through  the  kindness  of  Dr.  I'hllip  Cox.  of  Chatham.  It  is  said 
locally  that  the  fort  stood  exactly  where  Mr.  I'etrio  formerly  had  his  store.  (See  New  Brunswick 
Magazine,  IX.,  i'Xi.) 


i     I 


•  I 


300 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


Miscou."  Tliciv  imist  Im'  Hoinc  iTior  in  the  latter  stateineiit,  for  Enatid,  wlio 
waH  living  Iutc  in  KiSd,  is  n-tiiriu'd  by  tho  (Vtisiin  an  .'5.')  years  old,  and  the 
Miscuii  Mission  wa.s  abandnned  ahont  Hit>2.  CrenxiuH'  map  of  1(>(>()  places 
the  settlement  west  of  the  Nepisigiiit,  hut  this  probably  has  little  signifu-arce. 

P.— Nicolas  Denys'  Habitation  at  Nepisiguit.  I>enys,  in  his  work  of  KiTi', 
thus  writes  ;  "  Mon  habitation  di-  Nepigignit  est  sur  le  hord  de  ce  bassin  ;  :i 
nn  liene  A  la  droit  de  son  entree  (U-  basse  mer  nn  canot  n'en  s(;anroit 
approcher:  c'est  on  j'ay  este  oblige  de  me  retirer  apres ''incendie  de  inon 
Fort  de  saint  Pierre  en  I'lsle  du  Cap  Breton.  Ma  maison  y  est  flan(pi(''e  de 
(piatres  pet  its  bastions  avec  nne  palissade  dont  les  pieux  sont  di'  dix-hnits 

pieds  de  hant,  avec  six  i)ieces  de  canon  en  batterieH j'.v  ay  un  grand 

jardin"' This  description  placing  his  habitiition  on  the  border  of  tlic 

basin  a  le:igne  froii  the  entrance  on  the  right,  with  great  shallows  in  front, 
wonid  locate  it  on  ''ergiison's  point  exactly  where  tradition  places  it  (See 
Map  \o.  ;!.")).  lien-  many  relics  of  early  occupation  have  been  found, 
cannon  balls,  gun  locks,  skeletons  (near  by),  and  even  (piarried  stone.  The 
s|)ot  wh<'re  the  latter  occurred  Wius  on  the  point  in  a  place  now  washed  by 
the  highest  tides,  anil  it  i.s  prol)able  that  here  wa.s  the  habitation  and  tliat 
this  site,  like  so  many  settlement  and  fort  sites  in  the  ])rovince,  has  been 
much  alti'ri'd  by  the  action  of  the  wavi'S,  allowed  by  a  slow  sinking  of  the 
Coast,  which  is  now  going  on.  Old  willow  trees  on  the  point  are  said  by 
tnulition  to  mark  the  gnives  of  priests  and  a  French  admiral. 

Q.— Enault's  Settlement.  .\  number  of  traditions  of  Ksnault  (  KnaultorEnaud) 
arc  given  by  Cooiiey,  which  are  probably  fairly  trustworthy,  except  as  to  dates. 
The  cen.sns  of  ]().S()  returns  Fnaud  as  living  at  Nepisiguit  Cooney  pays  that 
he  livi'd  at  Aiishabou  or  Coal  I'oinl.at  the  mouth  of  the  Nepisiguit,  where 
Packard's  hotel  is,  and  that  he  had  his  principal  I'stablishment  where  Mr. 
I)(>l.)lois  has  his.  Coal  Point  is  a  corruption  of  (ioold's  Point, '^  by  which  the 
high  pointon  the  west  side  of  the  mouth  of  the  N»'pisiguit  is  known  on 
many  t-arly  plans.  Packard's  Hotel,  a  stone  building,  still  stands  at  the 
corner  of  Pilack  and  ."^t.  Patrick  streets  in  Hathurst,  while  IV-Hlois'  estab- 
lishment was  near  by  on  (iayton's  wharf,  near  the  foot  of  St.  Patrick 
street.'  Ci-rtaiiily  this  would  seem  to  be  the  most  favourable  place 
around  the  harbour  for  a  trading  establishment ;  it  is  on  high  land  at  the 
mouth  of  a  river  nuich  used  by  the  Indians  as  a  highway  to  the  hunting 
grounds  of  the  interior,  anil  as  a  through  route  of  travel  to  other  rivers.  If 
Knaud,  or  a  pred^cessiir '  was  in  possession  of  this  point  when  Denys 
arrived,  it  would  explain  why  Denys  cho.se  what  seems  to  us  in  all  ways  the 
much  less  favoiu-able  situation  at  Ferguson's  Point.  Cooney  states  also  that 
Enand  had  a  large  grist  mill  on  the  stream  running  through  the  marsh  now 
owned  by  Mr.  Deblois,   which  stream,  as  Dr.  Duncan  ti'lls  nie,  is  that  now 

LcCl'  re  (Lli  Bjip.ikiiiK  of  Denys'  habitation  as  he  saw  it  in  l(i7o,  says  "  ti'IIabitition  do  Monsipur 

Denys qui  i-loit  trus  l)ien  logii,  sur  le  l)Ord  d'un  bassin  vtilgairemciit  .ippellu  la  I'etito  riviere, 

Sep- r6  de  la  mer  p:ir  un  bi'llii  lanmie  lie  tcrre,  qui  i)ar  IVigrement  merreilleux  qu'ello  donno  fkce  lieu 
le  rend  un  BPjour  fort  af{t6oable."  Tliis  mention  of  Little  Kiver  might  lead  one  to  suppose  it  wat  nn 
the  l>order  of  tlie  present  river  nf  that  name,  west  and  southweat  of  Uatliurst,  but  sueh  a  supposition 
would  by  no  m"aiis  tit  with  tlic  other  facts  wo  have.  It  is  just  possible  the  Tetengouche  was  the 
I'elile  {{itiere  at  that  time. 

'■*  AeeiilentiiUy  miH»|<>'1led  (IniiliVfi  on  Map  No.  "i.'i. 

"  For  these  facts  I  am  iiidibted  to  Dr.  O.  M.  Duncan,  of  Bathurst. 

-*  It  is  possililcthere  were  two  men  of  this  nnme  at  Nepisiguit,  fatlier  and  son.  Cooney  mentioni 
Jean  Jacques  Knaud,  while  I'hillipes  Ksnault.  Sieur  de  Barbaucanncs,  is  mentioned  by  LeClercq,  and  he 
is  mentioned  as  receiving  a  grant  at  I'olipmoucho  in  lugs. 


""W 


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301 


known  ius  Kddy'.s  strfiini  (Map  No.  :>'■>),  ami  lie  adds  fnrlhcr  tliat  tlii' 
Btont'H  of  the  mill  wen-  loiiiid  nut  long  ago  on  thi8  stn-aui.  A  fact 
wliii'li  liiux  an  iinporlaiit  Ixarinii  upon  the  fiiti-  of  Knand's  sctllcnicnt  is, 
howt'vcr,  this,  that  a  point  on  the  liarhour  is  still  callcil,  locally,  hy  his 
naino.  Point  Knand,  though  on  tin-  chart  it  is  callc<i  Daly's  Point.  This 
IMTsistvncc  of  hi.s  name  must  indicatt-  vcrycloso  crunicction  Ix'twccn  him  and 
this  locality. 

I'nault  is  mcnliont-d  hy  LuClercq  with  much  praise.  They  wont 
together  in  winter  from  Nepisiguit  to  Kicharil  Denys'  .«ettleinent  at  Mini- 
michi,  nearly  perishing  on  the  roa<l. 

It  is  probabli'  that  from  the  time  of  I>enys  onward  there  were  .Vcadian 
settUrs  about  this  harbour  in  small  numlxTS,  and  that  in  common  with  other 
desirable  locatifms  on  the  north  short'  it  received  large  additions  to  their 
numbers  after  IT^O,  and  still  more  after  the  expulsion.  In  ITtil  Captnin 
.Mackenzie  was  sent  to  removi-  them,  and  took  prisoners  there,  no  less  than 
7.S7  (.Vrchives,  l.S<»4,  L'2!t).'^  The  registers  at  Canupietti',  according  to  Mr. 
(Jaudet,  show  there  wxs  a  number  of  settlers  here  in  1771.*,  and  these  settlers 
no  donbt  took  up  lands  which  were  afterwards  granted  to  them.  It  is  thus 
hardly  possible  t(j  a.<sign  any  dat<'  to  the  foundation  of  St.  Peters,  !vs  itViia 
called  until  ISL'C,  when  it  wiu«  named  Hathtuvt  by  Sir  Howard  Douglas. 

The  later  history  of  Acadian  settlements  in  this  region  was  no  doubt 
very  similar.  Tims,  Caranuetle  wiis  granted  in  1784  to  34  Acadians  who  had 
doubtless  been  some  time  on  the  lands.  Traciulie  wius  fn-st  settled,  according 
to  M.  IJaudet  in  17.S.J,  and  Pokemouche  and  Petit  Rocher  both  in  1797. 


\V-\ 


7.     Jiestigouche  District. 

So  far  as  I  have  been  able  to  find.thero  arc  in  this  district  no  records 
of  Frencli  sottlements,  other  than  the  Frtiich  mission  to  the  Indians,  before 
1700.  The  Recollet  M.i.s8ion  was  at  Old  Mission  Point,  a.s  already 
discussed.  After  1750  the  settlers  came  to  tliis  region  in  considerabio 
numbers  and  founded  the  town  of  Petit  Rochelle,  on  the  (Quebec 
side,  protected  by  batteries  at  Point  LeGanio  and  Battery  Point.  It 
was  in  the  basin  above  Mission  Point  ihut  the  battle  was  fought  between 
an  I'^nglish  .squadron,  umlor  Captain  Byron,  and  a  French  squadron, 
which  resulted  in  the  destruction  of  the  latter  and  of  Petit  Rochelle  and 
the  batteries.  A  ver}-  interesting  memorial  of  this  event  is  on  the  French 
chart  of  Kestigoucbe  of  1770,  copied  from  an  earlier  Fnglish  one,  which 
gives  the  names  of  all  Byron's  ships  to  ditl'eront  points  and  shoals  along 
the  river.     Cooney  gives  the  oflioial  accounts  of  th  s  lattle,  and  it  has 

1  Dioniie  thus  speaks  of  him,  "Quant  iv  I'hillippe  En.tult  du  Itarliauoniinrs,  qui  nprvs  lu  r6vocn- 
tion  de  la  conuessiou  fuito  a  Dciiys  en  l(ir,4,  obtiiit  U'  fief  dc  lu  riviOru  de  Nipisiguit,  contcnant  six  inilU's 
carrr-a,  il  se  construit  unc  mnison  du  c6tu  sud  du  harre  vis-.i-vis  la  Pointe-aux-IVres.  L'einploceraeut 
do  cette  rosidcnoe  le  trouTiiit  environ  cin<i  cents  pai  de  la  eote  sur  la  terrc  qui  a  autrefois  appartonu  & 
Andrew  Hameaay  un  peu  plus  d'un  inille  k  I'ost  di'S  scieries  ik  vapeur  du  St.  Lawrence  Lumber  Co. 
Enaultavait  un  nioulin  ik  faring  prrs  du  la  cote  sur  le  ruisseau  qui  traverse  la  terrede  John  Miller  \ 
un  quart  de  mille  di'B  susdites  scieries."  Ur.  Dionne  considers  that  Cooney  was  mistaken  in  looatiog 
the  settlement  where  he  docs.  I  do  not  tliink  Knaud  had  a  witrniory  at  Nepisiguit,  as  there  is  no  men- 
tion of  it  in  the  documents  of  the  time,  but  lie  had  one  at  I'ukjmouche.    (See  later  under  Seigniories. 

>  Also  mentioned  in  Smethurst's  Narrative. 


I  • 

j 


302 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


been  treated  fully  in  tho  Kdiicational  Review,  X.,  1897,  ln4.  Tlic  site  of 
Petit  ]{ochelle  is  well  known  locally  ;  it  extended  from  OtflcorH  JJrook 
upwards  for  some  tliroe  miles,  and  many  relics  of  French  occupation 
have  been  found  lierc.  (Map  No.  3(3.)  Cooney  states  there  was  a  French 
village  at  Martins  I'oint,  near  the  site  of  Campbell  ton,  and  ho  gives  many' 
facts  iind  traditions  as  to  French  relics  found  in  this  region  (213-218). 

At  the  mouth  oi"  Jacquet  Kivor,  and  doubtless  ol  other  rivers  on  tho 
North  Shore,  are  small  pieces  of  marsh  which  seem  to  have  been  dyked  ; 


Map  No.  36.     Histouical  Map  of  Restigouchk. 

and  these  dykes  arc  taken  locally  to  bo  evidence  of  early  Acadian  sottle- 
ments.  .Such  dykes,  however,  are  known  to  gcolcgists  to  be  often  the 
result  of  purely  natural  causes  (Chalmci-s,  Geological  Reports,  1895,  M, 
133),  and  hence  do  not  prove  the  existence  of  former  settlements  unless 
certainly  artiricial. 

2.  Sekiniories. 

An  interesting  chapter  in  the  history  of  the  Acadian  period  in  New 
Brunswick  is  that  wtiich  relates  to  theetibrtof  tho  French  Government  to 
settle  it  upon  the  Seigniorial  system.  The  subject  has,  however,  received  but 
little  attention  from  our  historians,  no  doubt  because  it  was  a  failure  and  pro- 
duced no  elfect  whatever  upon  later  settlement.  Not  a  single  one  of  the 
many  seigniorial  grants  made  in  New  Brunswick  survived  the  Acadian 
period  itself,  much  less  did  they  extend  into  the  later  periods,  and  not  a 
foot  of  land  is  held  to-daj'  in  New  Brunswick,  nor  has  been  held  since 
1755,  by  descent  from  a  seigniorial  title.    This  extensive  attempt  was  there- 


"•r-mmp 


[OANONO] 


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303 


foro  another  of  those  barren  hranchos  of  which  lii.story  has  so  many,  one 
whoso  interest  must  bo  chiefly  sentimental,  and  whose  details  may  be 
omitted  altogether  in  any  work  which  attempts  to  follow  the  line  of  evolu- 
tion of  present-day  conditions. 

It  is  of  course  entirely  outside  the  scope  and  limits  of  the  present 
work  to  discuss  tiio  history  of  the  soigniorial  system  and  of  tho  Now 
lirunswick  seigniories;  properly  wo  aro  concerned  hero  only  with  thoir 
locations.  A  copious  literature  upontlie  subject  arose  in  connection  with 
the  discussions  leading  to  the  buying  out  of  the  rights  ol"  the  Hoigniors  of 
the  Province  ol' Quebec  by  the  Quebec  (iovernment  in  J854,  and  there  aro 
many  easily-obtainable  reports  printed  at  that  time  in  both  linglish  and 
French,  some  of  which  contain  valuable  reprints  of  the  Acadian  seig- 
niorial grants.  Particularly  valuable  upon  the  historical  aspects  of  the 
subject  is  "The  Seigniorial  Tenure  in  Canada  and  F'lan  of  Commutation," 
by  J.  C.  Tachd,  Quebec,  1854.  The  general  subject  is  treated  in  sj-nopsis 
in  vol.  iii.  of  the  recently  issued  "Canada,  An  Kncyclopicdia,"  to  which 
the  reader  interested  in  tho  subject  will  do  well  to  turn.  There  is  also  a 
"  Histoiro  du  droit  (Janadien  "  (Montreal,  18S8),  dealing  with  this  subject, 
but  1  have  not  seen  it.  I  shall  here  give  but  a  few  leading  facts  connected 
with  the  origin  and  fato  of  Acadian  Seigniories. 

A  seigniorial  grant  gave  to  theSeignioraiid  his  heirs  forever  tbe  title 
to  their  lands,  with  tho  right  of  Hshing,  luiiiti.ig,  trading  and  tho  adminis- 
tration of  justice  to  their  tenants,  and  tboy  had  to  render  homage  to  the 
reprosentativos  of  tho  King  at  (Juebec  at  stated  periods.  They  were 
required  to  settle  colonists  upon  their  lands  within  a  fixed  time  and  in 
certain  numbers,  to  keep  I'ivors  open  for  navigation,  to  open  highways, 
and  to  observe  other  legal  conditions.  In  addition  to  tho  seigniorial 
grants,  usually  very  extensive,  there  woi-e  other  j)ropcrty  grants,  giving 
tho  grantee  tho  right  to  farm,  bunt,  trade,  etc.,  but  no  rights  of  justice 
over  tenants.  Of  tho  latter  sort  wore  the  small  grants  of  Mcusnior 
at  Magaguadavic  and  Dos  (rroz  at  Pokomoucho  later  to  bo  spoken  of; 
while  all  of  tho  remainder  of  the  grants  in  New  Brunswick  were  true 
seigniories. 

In  1627  Louis  XIII.  granted  all  New  France  in  fief  and  seigniory  to 
the  Company  of  New  Franco,  which  resigned  its  rights  in  166.'),  and  between 
those  dates  the  Seigniories  were  granted  b}'  the  Company.  In  16(J4  Louis 
XIV.  granted  all  his  land  in  America  to  the  Company  of  tho  West  Indies, 
but  their  rights  reverted  to  the  Crown  in  1674,  after  which  date  all 
seigniories  were  granted  by  the  representatives  of  tho  King  at  Quebec, 
the  Governor  and  Intendant,  and  were  later  confirmed  by  the  King  him- 
self. This  original  grant  by  the  authorities  at  Quebec,  and  its  later  con- 
firmation by  the  King,  gave  origin  to  two  distinct  documents  describing 
each  grant,  and  as  these  by  no  means  always  agree  in  details,  much  con- 
fusion has  arisen  in  connection  with  some  of  them  ;  and  thus  are  explained 
the  discrepancies  in  different  records  describing  the  same  seigniory. 


<^m 


304 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


Till!  tiivt  ^roiit  f^rimt  in  N<'W  Hninswick  wuHtliat  to  DoRnzilly  tit  St. 
Croix  ill  l(i32,  tiien  ibilowofl  timt  to  LuTouron  the  St.  John  in  lOIJu,  that  of 
lfi3(!  imd  Ui^t'.i  to  Donys,  including  ull  tho  North  Shore,  und  that  to  LaTour, 
Temple  and  Crowne  in  Iti'jd.  But  in  1672  bi'i^an  the  HorieH  of  weij^nioriul 
grants  in  New  Hrunswieiv,  wlumc  locationH  are  deHcribed  in  the  following 
pagcM.  The  last  of  tiieso,  cxcojitingtiiat  of  St.  Pierre,  wliicli  wasonasomo- 
wliat  ditl'erent  l)ahi»,  was  made  in  1700.  They  were  Home  tliii  ty-tive  in  num- 
ber, covering  some  of  the  best  lands  and  the  localities  best  situated  for  fishing 
and  trade  in  the  Province.  In  the  groat  majority  of  cases,  however,  no 
attemjjt  whatever  a]>|)ears  to  have  been  made  by  tlie  Seigniors  to  fulfil 
the  conditions  and  settle  upon  them,  in  which  respect  they  were  in  remark- 
able contrast  to  those  of  (iucboc.  At  Passamaquoddy  there  is  evidence 
from  the  censuses  and  other  sources  that  St.  Aubin,('hartior  and  Meusnier 
settled  upon  their  grants  ;  on  the  St.  John  the  two  brothers  D'Amours, 
the  Sicurs  de  Froncuse  and  Clignancourt,  later  joined  by  their  brother 
Sieur  de  Chautl'oui's,  made  more  or  less  successful  attempts  at  settlement, 
as  did  Martignon,  Soulanges  and  possibly  Breuil  and  Gautior,  but  there  is 
no  evidence  that  any  of  the  other  Seigniors  ever  even  saw  their  grants. 
At  the  head  of  the  Ray  of  Fundy,  La  A'alliere  had  a  seigniory  on  which 
many  colonists  from  Port  Jtoyal  settled  as  his  tenants,  and  thus  he  eatab- 
lished  b}'  far  the  most  important  seigniory  in  the  present  Province  of  New 
Brunswick,  and  one  that  came  the  nearest  to  the  ideal  for  which  tho 
seigniorial  sj-stem  was  established.  It  is  possible,  that,  hud  it  not  been  for 
the  troublous  times  in  that  region  after  1750,  ending  with  tho  expulsion 
in  1755,  the  heii-s  of  La  Valliore  might  have  held  lands  under  his  title  to 
this  day.  Along  tho  liichibucto  coast  Sieur  de  Chautl'ours  had  formed  a 
settlement  before  his  grant  was  passed,  but  later  ho  abandoned  it  to  join 
his  brothers  on  the  St.  John.  At  Miramichi  Eichard  Denys  de  Fronsac 
made  a  settlement,  but  Enault,  though  he  had  a  seigniory  at  Pokemoucho, 
lived  on  lands  belonging  to  Gobin  at  Nepisiguit,  and  Do  Grez,  after  making 
some  settlement  at  Pokemoucho,  deserted  to  the  English.  The  attem|)t3 
at  settlement,  therefore,  were  altogether  insignificant  in  comparison  with 
the  number  and  extent  of  tho  seigniorial  grants.  After  1700  there  is, 
with  the  single  exception  of  La  Valliiire,  hardly  a  trace  of  any  of  tho 
Seigniors  to  be  found.  In  1704  Colonel  Church  ravaged  Passamaquoddy 
and  the  Seigniors  are  never  heard  of  again  in  the  region,  and  probably  tho 
destruction  of  tho  settlements  along  tho  river  by  the  English  expedition 
against  Fort  Nashwaak  in  lt)!)(!,'  had  something  to  do  with  the  abandon- 
ment of  the  St.  John.  As  for  those  on  tho  North  Shore,  Seigniors  and  Seig- 
niories alike  fade  away  into  obscurity  and  leave  scarcely  a  trace.  It  is  eaid 
by  Murdoch  that  most  of  the  Seigniors  left  the  cQuntry  after  Nicholson'* 
conquest  (1710),  and  no  doubt  most  of  them  went  to  Quebec  where  some 
of  them  were  later  granted  seigniories  in  that  Province.     Even  had  they 

>  Tliat  at  Jcinseg  was  not  destroyed,  and  Gyles  in  his  narrative  tells  us  why. 


[«lANON(i] 


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305 


18, 

[ho 

Jy 

ho 
on 
>n- 
ig. 

kiid 
jn's 
Inio 


not  boon  nbundonud  l»y  ( hoi r  owners,  inont  of  tho  soij^'niorics,  |p«rhup8  Jill 
oxcopt  La  ViiUijiro's,  woi.ld  liavo  licon  rorfoitod  for  non-fultilniont  of  corr 
ditionn.  In  l(i!t!»  llio  Kiii^  docrcuil  that  Hiiico  many  of  the  Seiynioi'H  had 
not  complied  wilh  coiiditioriH,  tliey  must  hcikI  copiosof  their  grants  to  liim^ 
and  in  1703  a  royal  decree  was  passed  which  must  have  annulled  most  of 
the  grants  in  what  is  now  New  Brunswick.  After  171."{  both  Knglisli  and 
French  claimed  thottei-ritory  now  known  as  New  Hrunswick.  In  171S 
Father  Loyard  was  empowered  to  grant  lands  on  the  St.  .lolin  to  Acadians, 
but  we  do  not  know  to  what  extent  it  was  done.  In  17."M  the  Lords  of 
Trade  wrote  from  Whitehall  concerning  seigniories  in  Nova  Scotia,  that 
all  Seigniors  who  remained  in  the  Province  at  the  treaty  of  I'trecht  (17I."{) 
and  owned  allegiance  to  Great  Britain,  could  keep  what  they  were  legally 
possessed  of  before  that  time,  but  those  who  had  left  the  Province  and 
since  returned  could  have  no  such  rights.  In  1743  the  King  of  i'Vanco 
decreed  that  all  lands  unsettled  should  revert  to  the  ('rown.  In  175S)  the 
Nova  Scotia  Legislature  passe<l  an  act  to  the  etfect  that  any  action  to  re- 
cover lands  based  on  a  French  title  should  be  dihniissed.  The  final  dis- 
appearance from  history  of  the  New  Brunswick  seigniories  does  not, 
however,  come  until  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  when  the  brothers 
and  sister  Hoy-(iaillard,  heirs  of  Denys  do  Froiisac,  claimed  the  seigniories 
formerly  held  by  him,  including  his  own  of  Miramichi  and  tho.se  of  Nopisi- 
guit  and  Kestigouche,  acquired  by  him  from  Crobin  and  Iberville,  and 
attempted  to  collect  rents  from  the  tishermen  and  traders  resorting 
there.  Finally  they  .sold  their  rights  to  a  Mr.  Bondtield  of  (Quebec,  who 
in  1764  claimed  these  lands  from  the  Nova  Scotia  Government,'  but  was 
referred  to  the  ordinance  of  1750,  with  which  the  matter  emled,  and  the 
last  vestige  of  the  seigniorial  tenure  in  .New  Brunswick  vanished. 

The  location  of  the  majoritv  of  the  .seigniories  is  so  fulU'  (ies(tribed  in 
the  grants,  there  can  be  little  doubt  as  to  their  pos-ition,  juid  they  are  laid 
down  on  the  accomjianying  map  No.  30,  in  which  dotted  lines  are  Uded 
wherever  boundaries  are  doubtful.  The  names  of  seigniories  are  in  heavy 
square  letters.  The  accuracy  wilh  which  the  bounds  are  described  shows 
that  they  must  have  been  granted  from  the  descriptions  of  tho.se  who 
knew  the  localities,  for  the  descriptions  are  far  in  advance  of  the  general 
geographical  knowledge  of  the  times.  There  is  no  map  of  the  entire 
Acadian  period  which  shows  the  St.  John  river  with  any  ap|)roach  to  the 
completeness  and  accuracy  of  geogra})hy  displayed  in  the  wording  of  the 
grants. 

It  is  a  matter  much  to  bo  regretted  that  the  names  of  the  seignionos 
have  all  become  extinct,  for  many  of  them  are  vastly  finer  names  than 
many  which  have  succeeded  them.  It  would  be  an  excellent  plan  as  new 
names  are  needed  for  soltlements  or  parishes  to  revive  those  old  names, 
pleasing  as  they  are,  and  connected  with  our  early  history.     It  would,  of 

'Murdoch,  II.,  441. 


S 


i\  ■ 


306 


KOYAL  SOCIKTY  OF  CANADA 


courso,  lio  bt'Ht  to  apply  their,  to  lociilitics  lu'iir  to  wluTo  tlii^y  orij^innlly 
lii'loiii^i'd,  and  tlu'ir  locution  niiiy  oasily  lio  I'oiind  liy  coinpuiini;  tlio 
accompanying  map  No.  .'{!•  with  a  good  modern  map.  .MjouI  PasHamu- 
(jnoddy  tliiTc  arc  thus  available  Ii<izi/ly,  St.  Aubin,  ('harticr  and  Pcrijny ; 
on  the  St.  .lolin.  arc  C(t(jnancourt  (or  in  its  early  Kngiisli  form,  f'tcunrore) 
lidUfiiii'l.  nimiiiril,  Soutanijcs,  Freneusf,  St.  I><:nis,  Marson  (another  title 
(orSoiilanges),  La  Tour,  St.  Cast  in,  Vdlenie,  .Udrti'junn,  Hrruil,  Plfnnc,ii\u\ 
Jiiibert ;  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fiindy  are  La  Valliirc  and  Villieu  ; 
on  the  North  Shore,  Drni/s,  St.  I'aul,  fjinovillf,  D.iplrssis  and  C/iauJfours  ; 
at  Miramichi  in  Fronsar,  and  in  Gloucester,  KnauU  (or  Enaiid)  and 
(I'obin,  and  at  He.stigouche  Iberville.  Such  namert  are  Hurely  vastly  to  bo 
preferred  to  tho  very  trivial  ones  so  often  given  to  our  new  nettlements. 
1  think  it  probable  the  following  li>t  contains  nearly  all,  perhaps 
.  all,  of  the  seigniorial  grunts  made  in  New  IJrunswicU,  but  of  muny  of 
them  tho  jtrintcd  records  are  \'*iry  scanty,  und  in  others  thoditferent 
versions  differ  considerably,  especially  in  the  spelling  of  the  place-names, 
it  is  therefore  very  desirable  that  a  full  collection  of  them  should  bo 
made  from  the  original  documents,  und  when  possible,  from  tho  original 
ri 'isters  at  Quebec.  This  will  be  the  more  jtroHtablo  since  the  grants 
nlread}'  ])ubli8hed  in  full  often  contain  valuable  incidental  references  to 
local  histor}-,  which  leads  us  to  believe  that  those  published  only  in  part 
may  in  tho  complete  original  also  contain  important  items. 

Tho  ])ubli8hed  descriptions  of  seigniories  occur  in  tho  following 
works  :  First,  in  tho  Memorials  of  the  Knglish  and  Froiich  Commissaries 
of  1755  (cited  in  tho  following  list  as  Mtm.),  in  which  some  of  our  most 
important  ones  are  published  in  full.  Second,  in  various  documents  i-ssued 
by  tho  (Quebec  (iovernment  in  lS52-r)4.  Tho  ]>rincipal  one  of  these  is 
"  Titles  and  Documents  relating  to  the  .Seigniorial  tenure  in  return  to  an 
address  of  tho  Itcgislativo  Assembly,"  1851,  Quebec,  1852  (cited  as  Leg.) 
The  "  Keturn  to  an  address  of  tho  JiCgislative  Assembly  for  copies  of 
certain  Seigniorial  Documents  1853,"'  contains  many  confirmations  of 
Acadian  Seigniories  given  in  full.  There  is  also  a  valuable  Legislative 
document  of  1807  or  1808  with  titles  in  brief.  There  are  several  others 
in  tho  -'Manuscvits  relatif  a  L'histoiro  do  La  Nouvelle  France"  (cited  us 
Docs.)  published  by  the  Quebec  Government ;  but  this  work  contains 
many  misprints,  und  the  copies  in  tho  Ben  Perley  Pooro  collection  in  the 
Massachusetts  State  Ilouso  are  more  accurate,  though  of  courso  oven 
those  are  copies  of  tho  originals  in  Paris.  Murdoch's  Nova  Scotia  also 
contains  trun.slations  of  parts  of  many  of  tho  grants. 

In  the  following  list  the  limits  of  space  allowable  have  made  it  neces- 
sary to  give  onl}'  tho  description  of  tho  location  of  the  grants,  in  select- 
ing which  from  the  several  versions,  often  differing  considerably  from 
one  another,  I  have  chosen  that  which  seemed  to  me  to  bo  most  trust- 
worthy, i.e.  derived  most  directly  and  with  most  care  from  the  original 


1 


[OANONO] 


IIIHTOUIC  SITKS  IN  NKW  HUUN«WKK 


307 


!S0  IS 

o  iin 

'S  of 
IB    of 

itive 

Ihors 

!(1  ns 

ains 

the 

Bven 

also 

pces- 

llect- 

Trom 

rust- 

(inal 


clot'iimontM,  iiiui  [  Imvo  quolcil  thin  exactly  Jii«t  as  |iriiit(>i|,  whotlior  in 
Kn^lish  or  Fivritli,  All  of  tlioHo  in  Kiif^liwli  aiv  oitlior  from  Munlocli  or 
from  tlio  Lc'j^iwiativis  dociunuiil  of  ls52.  All  arc  hIiowu  on  tho  accoiu- 
])anying  map  No.  ^9. 

/.     The.  riissamaquoddij  District. 

Tho  Sfif^nioricH  of  this  roj^ion  have  lioon  (liHcribed  and  discussod  in 
tho  "Courior  Serios,"  and  in  tho  pamphlet  abstract  of  this,  ])nnted  hut 
not  yet  published. 

At  Indian  Island  one  LaTreillo  lived  at  tho  time  of  Church's  expedi- 
tion of  1704,  but  no  ^rant  to  liim  is  Itiio,.  Tlio  Hutchinson  papers  of 
1(588  (('ollections  Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  Hrd  sor.,  i.,  82)  mention  a  ^rant  to  ono 
Zorzy  [Do  Sorcis]  at  St.  Croix,  but  nollun<r  further  is  Unown  of  it. 

1632— Sainote  Croix,  Tn  M.  IcCiiniin  inrdc  Ua/illv,  l.iciitcniiiit  (iriirral  ixmr 
Ic  Hdi  t'M  hi  .Nniivclli' l''raiicf.  ('''limf  .May,  iMin  l,u  ('imipiijiiiifdc  la  Nuiivflle 
France. ) 

"  I/eli'Mdiie  (lis  lerrcs  i*lc  pays  '(lu-  >  iiMiivciit,  a  ^^l,■avllir  la  riviiTc  it 
lKii»^  Saiiicli'-Criiix,  isles  y  c<iiiteniii>,  i*l:l(  :ns  atljawiites  d'uiu'  part  it  d'aiitre 
en  la  Nouvi'lle  Fraiui',  de  I'l'ti'iidiie  de  dmi/.i  liciu's  de  lan;e(<,  -h  prciidn-  le 
point  milieu  I'u  I'isle  Suinete-t'roix,  uu  le  Sii'iir  de  Moi.  a  liiveriie,  it  vinut 
Heiies  tie  profitndt'iir  depuis  lepmlaux  cuiniilles,  (jui  est  en  I'une  dcs  isles 
(if  Teiilree  de  la  riviere  it  bale  Saincte-Croix,  duKjue  lieiics  de  quatre  niillo 
toises  de  long."  (.Mem.  7(1". ) 

The  limits  of  this  grant  are  plain  (sec  map  No.  '.V.*). 

I'ort  uiix  f'iKiiiiVii,  in  known  to  be  Mead  Ilarbo:,  ("ampobello. 
1684— Fassamaquoddy.      To  Jwm  Sarreau  de  St.  Aubin.     (On  June  2.3th.) 

"  Five  leagues  in  front,  on  the  sea  shore,  and  five  leagues  in  depth  inhxiid  at 
■  a  place  called  I'asconiady,  and  its  environs,  with  the  isles  and  islets  in  front  of 
that  extent,  also  an  islet  of  rocks  about  six  leagues  off  for  .«eal  lisliery,  also 
the  island  called  Arebimagan,  and  the  islets  for  two  leagues  round  it." 
(Murdoch,  I.,  Ki:!. ) 

The  description  is  not  full  enough  to  locate  this  seigniory  exactly.  It  is 
possible  that  it  included  (.'ampolx'llo,  and  the  ruined  building  shown  on 
Windmill  Point  in  I )esHarres' picture  of  Camjiobello  of  1777  may  represent 
his  dwelling,  which,  like  those  of  other  seigniors  of  the  time,  was  jirobably 
a  "  Habitation,"  i.  e.,  a  dwelling  surrounded  by  a  stockade.  It  is  much  more 
probable,  however,  that  the  "I'ort"  nieiuioned  at  Pleasant  Point  (see 
earlier,  .Settlements)  by  Morris  was  the  remains  of  St.  Aubin's  liabitatioit. 
If,  however,  the  Ciourdon  mentioned  by  Cliurcb  was  foimd  on  the  site  of  St. 
Andrews  in  1704  and  was  really  St.  Aubin,  it  would  perhaps  show  that  bis 
dwelling  wiis  there,  which  would  be  supported  by  the  fact  that  ("barlier's 
gnmt,  including  without  doubt  the  falls  at  St.  Stephen,  is  described  as  bor- 
dering upon  St.  Aubin's  grant.  Arcbimagan  was  an  island  near  w  hat  is  now 
Etlgemonigan  Reach,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Penobscot,  and  St.  Aubin's  sons 
resided  there. 
1691— Maeraguadavic.      To  Jean  Meusnier,  habitant  de  PAcadie.     (JulylGth.) 

"  Two  leagues  in  front  by  two  leagues  in  depth,  on  the  small  river  which 
the  Indians  call  Maricadeciiy,  to  wit :  one  lesigue  in  fronton  ejich  side  of  the 


I 


308 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


paid  rivor,  opposite  to  each  otlier,  the  said  two  leagues  of  land  in  front  and  two 
leagues  in  depth  to  be  taken  in  the  unconceded  lands  at  a  distance  of  about 
li\e  leagues  below  Pesrnoucady,  runiiing  towards  the  north-east."  (Leg. 
121.) 

This  grant,  not  a  grant  in  seigniory,  but  an  ordinary  grant  "  encensivc," 
cannot  be  located  more  definitely  than  that  it  probably  included  the  mouth  of 
the  Ahxgaguadavic.  The  grant  mentions  that  his  former  property  had  been 
plundered  and  burnt  by  the  British,  and  a  new  grant  is  made  to  enable  him 
to  settle  in  a  safer  place.  The  basin  at  the  Falls,  at  .St.  George,  where  there 
is  fertile  land,  grand  fishing,  and  the  head  of  navigation,  would  be  a  most 
likely  place  for  his  residence. 
1603— Grand  Manan.  To  Paul  Dailleboust,  Ecuyer,  Sieur  de  Perigny  (or 
Porsigny).     (April  14.) 

"The  said  island  of  Grand  Menaw,  together  with  the  islands,  islets  and 
beaches  which  may  be  found  lying  around  and  near  the  same."     (Leg.  134.) 

The  lf)Cation  of  this  Seigniory  is  perfectly  clear  (see  map  No.  39). 
1695— Scoodic.     To  Sieur  Michel  Charti'^r,  habitant  de  I'Acadie.     (July  8,  con- 
firmed May  19,  1696. ) 

"D'une  demy  lieue  de  front  de  chaque  coste  de  la  riviere  d'Escoudet 
sur  unc  lieue  et  demye  de  profoundeur  i  commencer  du  coste  du  sud  ouest  it, 
la  terre  du  dit  Sieur  St.  Aubin  en  descendant  la  dite  riviere,  et  du  cost6  du 
N.  E.  aux  terres  non  concddez,  vis-a-vis  la  concession  du  Sr.  de  Bourchemin, 
sur  la  riviere  de  la  Oumasca.  (Docs.  IL,  224.  Also  Leg.  154,  Murdoch,  I., 
224.) 

The  location  of  this  seigniory  is  fairly  plain.  Church,  in  1704,  found 
one  Sharkee,  of  course  Chartier,  settled  on  or  near  the  site  of  St.  Stephen, 
on  the  Scoodic,  which  was  doubtless  the  centre  of  his  Seigniory. 

In  1696  Michel  Chartier  leased  the  Seigniory  of  Freneuse  from  its  owner, 
Mathieu  D' Amours.     (See  later. ) 

The  Seigniories  of  Thibaudeau,  1695,  and  of  Villeclaire,  1697,  and 
Kou^'sanoukek  (Lefebvre),  1703,  and  Grand  Champ,  1708,  were  in  Maine, 
towards  Mount  Desert. 

2.     The  St.  John  District. 


No  systematic  account  of  the  Seigniories  of  the  St.  John  has  yet  been 
published,  though  many  references  to  them  occur  scattered  through  the 
writings  of  Hannay,  Raymond  and  others.  Most  prominent  of  the 
Seigniors  of  this  valley  were  the  brothers  D'Amours,  of  whom  an  account 
is  given  by  Hannay  in  the  New  Brunswick  Magazine,  I.,  25. 

1635— Mouth  of  the  St.  John.  To  Charles  de.  Sainl-Elienne,  Sieur  de  la  Tour, 
(Jan.  15,  by  La  Compagnie  de  la  Nouvelle  France.) 

"  Le  fort  &  habitation  de  la  Tour,  situe  en  la  Riviere  Sainte  Jean  en  la 
Nouvelle-France,  entre  les  45  &  46,  degres  de  latitude,  ensemble  des  terres 
prochainement  adjacentes  i\  icelui  dans  I'titendiie  de  cinq  lieiies  au  dessous  le 
long  de  ladite  riviere,  sur  dix  lieiies  de  profondeur  dans  les  terres."     (Mem. ) 

The  location  of  this  grant  is  fairly  plain.  It  probably  covered  both 
sides  of  the  mouth  of  the  river.  It  wtis,  of  course,  later  superseded  by  other 
grants.  It  is  no  doubt  that  mentioned  by  Murdoch  (I.,  79),  as  obtained 
from  the  Fr^'nch  King  in  1627. 


[ganoxg] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


3O0 


1656 — Ck>a8t9  of  Acadia.      To  /<•  Si-iijiienr  dc  Suhit-Elii'imr,  Sirur  de  la  Tour,  haro)i 
d'Ecosse,  Thoman  Tenipli'  A  GiiillniDiie  Crowiie,  ChcmUers. 

"Le  pivvH  &  k'rritoire  apiK'116  rAcadio,  &  partio  du  pays  nomin(5  la 
Nouvellc  Ecopsi',  .  .  .  lew  ci'ttos  jiisqu'an  foiul  de  la  Bale  ;  &  de  Ii\, 
rangi'aiit  ladit«'  Baio  jiipqu'au  fort  Saint-Jfaii  ;  &  de  1;\,  rangeant  toute  la 
cute  jusqii'il  J'entiigoet  .  .  .  &  en  dedans  les  terres  tout  le  long  desdites 
cotes  jnsqu'il  cent  lieiies  de  profondeur."     ( Mem. ) 

This  enormous  grant  can  readily  be  located  from  the  description.     It  is 
shown  plainly  on  a  map  in  AVinsor's  "America,"  V.,  47H. 
1672— West  Side  of  the  Mouth  of  the  St.  John.    To  Martin  DWrpentigny, 
Sieur  de  Martlgnnn.     (Oct.  17th). 

"  The  tract  of  country  and  lands  which  are  to  lx>  found  on  the  said  River 
St.  John,  to  be  taken  along  the  said  River  from  Partridge  Island  {U Me  de  In 
Pcrdrix),  running  six  leagues  in  front  up  the  said  river,  and  six  leagues  in 
depth  iidand,  bounded  in  front  by  the  sai<l  River  St.  John,  and  in  rear, 
towards  the  west,  by  the  ungranti'd  lands,  on  one  side  by  the  said  Island, 
and  on  the  other  by  the  ungranted  lands."     (I^eg.) 

The  location  of  this  Seigniory  is  plain.  (See  map  Xo.  IW,  also .37. )  On  the 
Franquet  map  of  1707  (in  Marcel's  Atlas)  Fort  de  ^f(lrti)nlon  is  marked  on  the 
west  side  of  the  harbour,  and  Fort  La  Tour  on  the  east.  In  the  census  of 
1()8G  his  name  is  spelled  Aprendistigue.  The  document  states  that  he 
intends  to  bring  over  men  from  France  to  settle  his  land.  In  a  French  copy 
of  this  grant  he  is  spoken  of  as  "  ancien  habitant  du  pays  de  I'Acadie,"  and 
also  as  "  Gouverneur  et  proprietaire  de  la  Riviere  St.  Jean  dupuis  la  Riviere 
de  ^Iiupio  jusqu'aux  mines  aux  dit  pais  de  I'Acadie  .  .  .  plus  de  50  lieues 
de  front." 

This  doubtless  indicates  a  grant,  now  unknown,  from  his  father-in-law. 
La  Tour.  Its  location  would  seem  plain ; — R.  de  Ma(iH<i  is  jirobably 
Maquapit,  and  le»  Mbie.i  the  mines  at  Xewca.«tle,  thus  placing  it  along  the 
north  shore  of  Grand  Lake,  though  I  cannot  explain  the  .jO  leagues  of 
length.  (Map  No.  :«t. ) 
1672— Long  Reach.     Tu  Jacques  Pottier,  Sieur  de  Si.  Denis.     (Oct.  18.) 

"  An  extent  of  two  leagues  in  front,  to  lie  taken  above  the  grant  made 
to  the  Sieur  de  Martignon,  and  bounded  on  the  other  side  by  the  ungranted 
lands."    (Leg.) 

Its  location  is  plain.     (See  map  No.  .30.) 
1672— East  Side  of  the  Uouth  of  the  St.  John.     To  [Piei-re  de  Joibert]  Sieur  de 
Marson  [_et]  de  Soulauges.     (Oct.  20th.) 

"  A  tract  of  land  of  four  leagues  in  front  by  one  league  in  depth,  to  be 
taken  on  the  ea.st  side  of  the  said  River  St.  John,  bounded  on  one  side  by 
the  basin  of  the  said  river  and  on  the  other  by  the  ungranted  lands 
(together  with  the  house  of  Fort  Gemeziz,  which  he  shall  enjoy  for  such 
time  only  as  he  sliJill  hold  his  commission  of  commander  on  the  said 
river,  in  order  to  give  him  a  iilace  of  rcf^idence,  that  he  may  act  with  more 
liberty  and  convenience  in  everything  relating  to  the  King's  service)." 
(Leg.) 

That  this  seigniory  was  at  tlie  mouth  of  the  river  is  showii  by  the  fact 
that  the  one  granted  his  brother  on  the  same  date  adjoined  it  and  bordered 
on  the  sea,  and  it  therefore  occupied  the  position  a<sigiu'tl  to  it  on  tlui  map 
No.  39.  Th.at  Jemseg  Fort  was  allowed  him  as  a  residence  seems  to  show 
that  there  waa  no  residence  for  him  at  St.  John.     Martignon,  of  course, 


!ih 


amimmia 


310  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

occiipird  the  fort  at  Cark'ton  built  by  Cliarnisy.  Yt't  in  b<itli  his  grants  of 
U>7t>  Marson  is  spoki'ii  of  as  "  Commandant  of  tin'  Forts  of  Jomscg  anil  the 
River  St.  John,"  implving  tliat  tiicrt'  was  somcwiu'ri'  a  fort  of  tl\i'  Hiver  St. 
John,  but  not  in  condition  to  bi-  occupied.  This  would  fit  prrfi'ctly  with  the 
theory  given  earlier  that  Fort  LaTour,  destroyed  by  Cliarnisy,  stood  at 
Portland  IVjint  on  his  Si'igniory,  (Map  No.  37.) 


Court- 
€  nay  Bay 


.itttj 


Shore. 


w 


'■MoXtj'ti'K^ 


(    Shag  Kocks": 

Stale -i -mile 
4 ^, 


Old  Fort  .Portland  Point 

is  tkt  site  o> 

].ToTtLaTouT  (probably 

i  Tde  la.n.  Sfjea  n  Qicss- 

iblj) 

OliTort  .CaiUion 

is  The  lite  oj 
iTCha  rnisayiprobablj, 
l.F.MaTtlqnon 
i,F5t  Jean  LV/ lie  ban) 
it.T  Mcnagoueche 
S.F.rredcr/cA 

jvames  in  Italics  are 
■extittct 


Map  No.  37.    Historical  Map  of  St.  John  anu  surbodndings. 


[qanono] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


811 


1672— St.  John  Harbour.     T»  Simr  <k  Joibert.    (Oct.  20. ) 

"  The  oxU'iit  of  one  Iwiguc  of  land  in  front,  by  one  league  in  depth,  to 
be  taken  on  the  east  Hide  of  the  River  St.  John,  in  the  said  country  of  Acadia, 
adjoining  on  the  one  side  the  grant  made  to  the  Sienr  de  Marson,  his  brother, 
commanding  at  the  said  place,  and  on  the  (jther  side  the  ungnmted  lands, 
bounded  in  front  by  the  sea,  and  in  rear  by  the  ungranted  lands."     (Leg.) 

The  expression  "bounded  in  front  by  the  sea'"  would  locate  it  some- 
what as  on  our  map  No  '.\\). 
1676 — Nashwaak.     To  Piem-  tie  Joiherl,  Ecuyer,  Sieiir  <h'  Smdungea  cfc  de  Marson. 
vOct.  12). 

"  Le  lieu  appelle  Nachouac  &  que  Ton  appellera  a  I'avenir  Soulanges, 
sur  ladite  riviere  Saint  Jean,  a  quinze  lieiies  du  (ieniisik,  contenant  deux 
lieiies  de  front  de  chaque  cote  sur  ladite  riviere,  «&  deux  lieiies  de  profon- 
deur  dans  les  ti'rres,  aussi  de  chaque  cote,  ensemble  les  isles  &  islets  qui 
sont  dans  ladite  riviere  au  devant  desdites  lieiies  de  front."     (Mem.  744.) 

The  location  is  undoubtable  ;  it  is  shown  on  Map  No.  30,  also  38. 

It  is  stated  in  the  grant  that  it  is  made  in  consideration  of  services  he 


Tomiship  a  f'ranchri '  /Xf 


c>^:>^' 


■   \^      /  /^   ■  '    ■■MeHten.-iJiS. 
.    -.v       /    /  V  .*  ■.■..;.■■    ■..•.•■.' 


Sqi 


ifamei  in  ttah'a  an  eitinct 
'Scalf  of  n<lf> 


.    Township     cj]  S'uhbuTy-/76S-  ;    ;  ,•' 


1_^ 


||!  I: ; 


i 


Map  No.  38.    Histouicai,  Map  of  the  V^icinity  of  Fredericton. 


had  rendered,  and  with  the  wish  to  engage  him  to  continue  them,  and  that 
it  is  made  so  large  becau.se  so  little  of  it  is  cultivable. 
1678— Port  Jemseg.      To    I'iinr  de  Joiln'ii,  Eaujer,  Sieur    de  Soulanges  d  de 
Marson.     (Oct.  Ui). 

"Ledit  fort  de  Gemisik,  avec""  une  lieiie  de  chaque  cote  dudit  forti 
faisant  deux  lieiies  de  front,  la  devanture  de  la  riviere,  &  les  isles  &  islets 
(jui  y  sont,  &  deux  lieiies  'ile  profondeur  dans  les  terres,  avec  le  droit  de 
chasse  <&  de  peche  dans  I'etendiie  desdits  lieux."     (Mem.  740). 

There  can  be  no  doubt  as  to  the  location  of  this  Seigniory  ;  it  is  shown 
on  Map  No.  .'!!•. 

About  lOlK)  this  Seigniory  had  passed  to  the  Sieur  de  Chauffours.  This 
is  shown  by  two  fivcts  :  first,  the  grant  to  the  widow  f)f  the  Sieur  de  Mai-son, 
given  below,  in  KiOl  mentions  the  "  oonci'ssion  de  Sieur  de  C'hauffour,  nomme 
Jemseg,"  and,  second,  .Fohn  Gyles  shows  in  his  narrative  that  he  was  living 
here  in  1696.     Whether  he  obtained  it  by  purchase  or  a  re-grant,  as  the 

Sec.  XL,  1809.    2l'. 


i  • 


1 


312 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


U'nn  concession  would  imply,  we  do  not  know.  Curiously  enough,  the 
Morris  Map  of  1758  marks  Chofour  as  a  village  just  Ix^Iow  the  present  Gage- 
town.  Le  Sieur  de  Soulanges  had  for  four  years  been  commander  of  this  fort 
and  that  "  of  the  River  St.  John."  In  1074  the  fort,  which  lie  had  repaired, 
had  been  destroyed  by  the  Hollanders,  and  was  repaired  by  him  at  his  own 
expense.  As  a  recompense,  the  proprietorship  of  tlie  fort  was  given  to  him. 
See  his  grants  of  1672. 

He  afterwards,  in  1702,  was  granted  the  Seigniory  of  Soulanges  in 
Quebec.  (Archives,  1884,  20).  In  one  document  Soulanges  is  spoken  of  as 
"  Lieutenant  of  the  Company  of  Infantry  of  Grand  Fontaine,  in  the  regiment 
of  J'oitou,  and  Major  of  Acadia  ;  has  rendered  good  and  praiseworthy  services 
in  divers  places  both  in  Old  and  New  France." 

In  1082  the  King  granted  to  Sieurs  Bergier,  Gautier,  Boucher,  and  De 

Mantes  lands  on  the  St.  John  for  a  fishery,  but  they  appear  not  to  have 

been  taken  up.     It  is,  however,  to  be  noted  that  on  the  Morris  Map  of  1758 

the  Belleisle  is  called  R.  an  Gautier. 

1684— The  St.  John,  near  Meductic.    Enw  d' Amours,  Ecwjer,  Sieur  de  CUg- 

nancourt.    (Sept.  20,  confirmed  May  27,  1089). 

"  Ce  qui  se  rencontre  de  terre  non  conc<>d(5e  ni  habitude  le  long  de  la- 
dite  riviere  Saint  Jean,  depuis  ledit  lieu  de  Medoctet,  icellui  comprise, 
jusques  au  long  sault  qui  se  trouve  en  remontrant  ladite  riviere  Saint  Jean, 
icelle  comprise,  avec  les  isles  &  islets  qui  se  rencontreront  dans  cet  espace, 
<S:«ileux  lieiies  de  profondeur  de  chaque  c6t<5  de  ladite  riviere  Saint  Jean. 
lequel  fief  &  seigneurie  portt-ra  le  nom  de  Clignancourt."    (Mem.) 

The  description  does  not  make  the  location  of  the  Seigniory  plain,  though 
it  evidently  extended  from  Fort  Meductic  eicher  down  the  river  to  the 
IMeductic  Falls,  or  else  upwards  to  Grand  Falls.  Several  students  have 
taken  the  former  view,  including  Rev.  W.  0.  Raymond,  but  I  have  inclined 
to  the  latter,  chieHy  because  the  description  seems  to  imiily  that  it  ran  up 
the  river  from  Meductic,  and  also  because  the  expression  "long  sault" 
seems  to  apply  !nuch  better  to  Grand  Falls  than  to  the  Meductic  Falls, 
wiiich  are  really  but  a  rapid.  Moreover,  the  stretch  of  river  from  Meductic 
Falls  to  Meductic  contains  much  poor  land,  which  Clignancourt,  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  river,  would  be  unlikely  to  choose.  Again.st  my  view  is 
only  the  inunense  extent  of  the  seigniory,  which  would  thus  be  much  the 
largest  on  the  river,  but  not  after  all  much  larger  than  that  granted  his 
brother  at  Richibucto.  The  authorities  may,  however,  well  have  been  ignor- 
ant of  its  extent.  Early  maps  place  the  Meductic  River  wrongly  emptying 
into  the  Long  Reach,  and  Perley  has  supposed  this  seigniory  extended 
thence  to  the  Falls  at  St.  John,  but  this  is  impossible  for  many  reasons. 

Though  his  seigniory  was  near  Meductic,  and  he  occasionally  visited 
Meductic  as  Gyles'  narrative  shows,  his  residence  appears  to  have  been  on 
Eeeles  Island  below  Springhill  (See  Map  No.  1)8),  for  the  census  of  1096 
returns  him  as  living  at  Aucpac,  and  this  island  on  all  early  maps  is  called 
Vli'oncorc,  which  seems  plainly  enough  a  corruption  of  his  name. 
1684.— Nashwaak  to  Jemseg.  To  Afathim  d' Amours,  Ecuyer,  Sicur  de  Freneuse. 
(Sept.  20,  confirmed  March  1,  1693). 

"  Des  terres  non  conc^dees  ni  habituees  le  long  de  la  riviere  de  S.iint- 
Jean,  entre  les  lieux  de  (iemisik  &  de  Nachouac,  sur  deux  lieiies  de  pro.'on- 
deur  de  chaque  cote  de  la  riviere  Saint-Jean,  icelle  comprise,  avec  les  isles 
v*c  islets  qui  se  rcncontrent  dans  cet  espace,  ensemble  la  riviere  du  Kamouc- 


iriously  enough,  the 
)W  the  present  Gage- 
innumder  of  this  fort 
lich  he  had  repaired, 
■d  by  him  at  his  own 
irt  was  given  to  him. 

iry  of  Soulanges  in 
nges  is  spoken  of  as 
ine,  in  the  regiment 
raisewortliy  services 

?r,  Boucher,  and  De 
ippear  not  to  have 
Morris  Map  of  1758 

'uyer,  Skur  de  Clig- 

tu^e  le  long  de  la- 
i,   icellui  comprise, 

riviere  Saint  Jean, 
)nt  dans  cet  espace, 
riviere  Saint  Jean, 
urt."    (Mem.) 
niory  plain,  though 

tlie  river  to  tlie 
era!  students  have 
3ut  I  liave  inclined 
nply  that  it  ran  up 
ion  "long  sault" 
16  Meductic  Falln, 
ver  from  Meductic 
iiancourt,  well  ac- 
gaiiLst  my  view  is 
hus  be  much  the 

that  granted  his 
1  have  been  ignor- 
rt-rongly  emptying 
■igniory  extended 
lany  rea.sons. 
Jasionally  visited 
B  to  have  been  on 
le  census  of  ](3<)6 
rly  maps  is  called 
lame. 
Simr  de  Freneuse. 

riviere  de  Saint- 
lieiies  de  pro.un- 
ise,  avec  les  isles 
itVe  du  Kamouc- 


(•- 


P 
'v 


n 


ell  *■  Jftf  ? 


-^         /f      Sainct  lunaire: 


tuSettlementb  and  PoTts.  tP.Seignioi  les. 
UndeTlincd  names  are  ol  the  Exploration  Rrloi 
Names  in  itulid  are  rioM  ex  1,1  net 

Scale   oj  miles  "H-?, 

&  I  Jt         i»        j'i.         up 


!  Acadian  Periods, 


[aANONO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


SIS 


)iuleur  de  deux  li 


.>ndra. 


ton  [Ramouctou]  autant  que  huliU;  ] 
(Mem.) 

The  location  of  this  seigniory  is  Ix'vond  doubt,  and  is  given  on  Map 
No.  3!).  The  probable  site  of  the  residence  of  Sieur  de  Freneuse  has  already 
been  discussed. 

There  is  a  very  confusing  error  in  reference  to  this  grant  in  the 
"  Memorials"  where  it  is  called  the  confirmation  of  the  preceding  (that  to 
Rene  d' Amours)  whereas  it  has  nothing  to  do  with  the  latter. 

In  1690  the  Sieur  de  Freneuse,  as  the  original  document  now  in  my 
possession  shows,  leased  his  Seigniory  for  five  years  to  Michel  Chartier. 
It  is  described  in  part  aa  follows:  "  Le  Manoir  Seigneurial  do  la  dite  StMg- 
ncurif  de  Freneuse  consistant  en  trente  arpents  ou  environ  de  terre  labour- 
able  i\  la  charrue,  pros,  bois  on  luiut  futoye  et  taillio  avoc  les  niaisoiis  gmngos 
et  ostables  qui  sont  dossus,  etc."  Freneuse  was  killed  the  same  year  at  Fort 
Nashwaixk,  Michel  Chartier  was  perhaps  the  same  who  the  previous  year 
received  the  Seigniory  of  Scoodic. 
1689— Kennebecasis.  To  Pienr  Chexwt,  Ecuyer,  Sieur  ik  Breuil  (or  Dnbrenil.) 
(Jan.  7.) 

"Deux  lieiies  de  front  lo  long  de  la  riviere  Saint-Jean,  dans  le  lieu 
appoUe  par  les  Sauvages  KanilH'Ciichiche  it  petit  Xakchouac,  S(;avoir,  uno 
lieiie  d'un  cote  &  uno  lieiie  de  I'autre,  ledit  jx-tit  Xakchouac  faisant  le 
milieu  de  hidite  concession,  avec  les  isles  &  islets  qui  se  trouveront  au  devant, 
(.<:  trois  lieiies  do  profondeur."     (Mem.  7()9  ;  Leg.  102.) 

The  location  is  plain  ;  it  is  .shown  on  map  No.  '^^.  Petit  Xakchouac  is 
known  to  have  been  Hammond  River.  On  Morris'  map  of  1758,  the  Kenne- 
becasis is  called  "  La  Riviere  do  Bruhl,"  seeming  to  show  he  had  made 
some  attempt  to  settle  his  seigniory.  Probably,  however,  the  lattT  occur- 
rence of  a  "French  Village"  on  his  land  is  but  a  coincidence,  as  already 
shown. 
1689— Below  Jemseg.     To  Sieur  Vincent  de  Si.  Cuxtin.     (Oct.  14. ) 

"  Lesdits  2  lieiies  de  front  il  prendre  en  torros  non  concodees  le  long  dc 
la  riviere  St.  Jean,  joignant  les  terros  de  Jemesec  .  .  .  sur  pareille  pro- 
fondeur  do  2  lieiies."     (Log.  llo. ) 

Since  all  of  the  lands  above  Jemseg  had  been  granted,  this   must  have 
boon  just  below  the  Jemsog  Seigniory,  a.s  shown  on  map  Xo.  3U. 
1690—011  River  St.  John.     To  Sieur  Jean  de  Valenee.     ( Ojntirmid  ^lar.  l(i,  1691 ). 

"  D'une  ostendue  do  torro  a  la  riviere  St.  Jean."     (  Docs.  11.,  p.  40. ) 

We  have  no  hint  as  to  the  location  of  this  Seigniory.     It  is  the  only 
one  not  on  map  Xo.  159. 
1690 — Nacawioac  to  Long's  Creek.     To  Sieur  Fmneois   Oenaple  de  liellefond. 
(Feb.  2.'>;  confirmed  Mar.  1(>,  Kiill.) 

"  Une  espace  de  teri'es  scitueeil  la  rivioro  St.  Joan,  pais  do  I'Acadie,  entre 
Madoktek  ot  Xacchouak,  qui  joint  a  la  terre  do  (tomezek,  contonant  respace 
de  terre  sur  le  lieuuppollo  les  longuos  veues  connnonoant  a  la  rivioro  appolloe 
Skooleopskek  jusques  au  lieu  et  riviere  appellee  Xerkoiooiqnek,  sur  deux 
lieuos  de  profondeur  dans  lesdits  torros,  d'un  costo  ot  d'aultre  ladito  rivioro 
St.  Joan  ;  ensemble  'os  isles  et  islets  qui  sont  dans  loditospaco."  '  (Doc.  II., 
.SO;  Leg.  116;  Murdoch  I.,  108.) 

1  SppUinR  |of  proper  nnmi'8  is  taken  from  the  copy  iu  the  Ben.  I'erley  Foore  Documents  in  the 
Massachusetts  State  House.  Many  of  the  Quel)OjDocum>nts  are  copied  from  this  collection,  but  it  lias 
been  badly  done  and  many  errors  have  been  introduced. 


I 


-/ 


I 

p 


>v^ 


o'J 


^rrz- 


Map  No.  .!9.-Map  of  Nkw  Brunswici 


wSM 


anfKant 


Le  grunde 
Menon 


Nkw  Brunswick  in  the  Kxplokation  Axn  Acadian  Periods. 


in  the  Exploration  and  Acadian  Ffxinds 

•■Sftt/f merits  and  Ports.  (^.Seigniones. 
Underlined  namtfS  are  oj  the  Exploration  Bria 
Names  m  itulici  are  novv  extinct 


Scale    oJ  Wiles 


MBM 


314 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


Though  the  (liffcrt-nt  cfipk'H  of  this  gmnt  diffiT  cruiHidprably  in  the 
HjH'lliiig  of  the  phiw  iuiiiu'8,  thiTo  can  hv  no  doubt  us  to  tlio  location  of  the 
Siigniory,  whidi  is  sliown  on  niiip  No.  .'{!>. 

The  Inngim  iriict  is  still  called  the  "  rj)per  Reach,"  i.  p.,  T'pper  Long 

Reach  ;  Nerkoifjoiquek  is  Nacawicac,  and  Skooleopskek  (i.  e.,  Skouteopskek ) 

is  known  to  be  Long's  Creek.     De  Hellefond  waa  Notary  Royal  at  Quebec, 

and  probably  did  not  attempt  to' settle  his  grant. 

1691— At     Gagetown.    Tn  Dmnv  Marie  FnnigoiH  <  'hurtkr,  vciire  du  Siivr  df  Marson. 

(Mar.  2.'!;  confirmed  Mar.  I,  KilC!. ) 

"  Une  tene  i\  la  riviere  St,  Jean,  a  I'Acadie,  de  quatre  lieuos  de  front 
8ur  ladite  riviere,  dedetix  lieues  de  i)rofondeur  de  I'autre  costc,  et  vis-a-vis  la 
concession  du  Sieur  de  Chauffour,  nonimee  .lemsec,  le  milieu  des(|UelleH 
quatre  lieus  sera  vis-a-vis  la  mai.son  de. lemsec."  (Doc.  II.,  113;  Leg.  120; 
Murdoch,  I.,  VM.) 

There  can  be  no  doubt  as  1o  its  location  ;  it  is  given  on   maj)   No.  HO. 
It  included  the  present  site  of  (iagetown. 
1605— Kennebecasis.      To  Sieur  Bernard  I)'. i mourn,  Ecyr.    [Sieitr  d<:  I'hnue']. 
(June  '_'(),  coiilirmed  KHXJ). 

"La  riviere  Canibecachice  aflluent  dans  la  riviere  St.  Jean  lY  I'Acadie 
et  d'une  lieue  et  demye  ile  chaque  caste  sur  deux  de  profondeur.  (Doc.  11., 
224;  Leg.  l.Jl.) 

Only  Hii  approximate  location  can  be  given  fortius  Seigniory,  since  wcdo 
jiot  know  how  far  up  the  river  the  grant  was  taki-n. 
1695— Oak  Point.      To  Sieur  des  Goultiux  {or  De  O'oulin).     (June  20.  conlirmed 

"  Lieu  noiiuue  la  I'ointe  aux  Chenes  scituee  a  la  riviere  St.  Jean  de  I'Acadie 
et  d'une  lieue  de  chaque  coste  de  la  dite  i)ointe  sur  deux  de  profondeur." 
(Doc.  II.  224  :  Leg.  1.V2). 

There  can  be  little  doubt  a.s  to  the  location  of  this  Seigniory,  as  shown 

on  Map  No.  .'iit.     Some   versions  gi  ve /'(///i^'  attx  (.Vwuillen,  but  olhvri'  J'oinfe 

ni(.r  C7ie)/f.9,  and  the  Morris  ^lap  of  1758  shows  that  the  present  Oak  Point 

was  so  called  by  the  Acadians. 

1697— Naahwaak  to  Long's  Creek.      To  Charles  (Jenaples,  Sieur  de  Vilrenurd. 

(Aprir23). 

"  Of  the  space  of  land  containing  a  league  and  a  half  front  by  two  in 
depth,  to  bound  froin  the  seigneurie  of  Naxcouak,  to  the  river  of  Skoutecpkek, 
with  the  islands,  islets  and  flats  within  that  extent."  (Murdoch  I.,  238  ;  also 
Leg.  173.) 

The  boundaries  given  locate  this  Seigniory  as  on  !Map  No.  38  and  30,  even 
though  its  length  is  far  underestimated.  ^lurdoch  gives  the  name  of  the 
Seignior  as  Villeneuve,  but  the  Krench  Documents  have  Vilrenard. 

It  is  stated  by  Kame.au  (II.  188)  that  in  1750  M.  de  Vaudreuil  possessed 
the  great  fief  of  Ekoupag,  i.  e.,  Ekpahak  or  Aucpac,  but  I  know  of  no  ground 
for  this  statement. 


M 


[OANONO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BHUN8WICK 


313 


int 


the 


' 


■I  Thf  Petiti'odiac- Misseijuash  District. 

The  fullest  ut'count  wo  hnvo  of  tho  Hoigtilorios  and  settlors  in  this 
district  is  given  by  Eunioau  do  Saint-Pt^ro  in  his  "  Colonio  Keodalo." 
That  of  La  Valliore  was  tho  most  important  of  all  seigniories  in  tho 
present  New  Hrunswick. 

1676— Chignitou,  or  Beaubassin.  7'"  Mirh,/  'I,  Xnit,  Eiuijir,  si.nr  ilr  li 
ValllriY.     (Oct.  24.) 

"  L'l'tendnc  di'  dix  lieiicH  dc  terre  dc  fmiit.  i|iii  .«imt  dii  cntt'  dii  Pud, 
ciitri'  Ic  ('ii|id>r('t<iii  i^c  I'islc  I'crci't',  A  ('(iiiiiiiciicci'  dt'imis  In  rivitrt'  Kigis- 
koiiiilioni^iR't,  icfiU-  c'oniprisi-  jii.^iiu'  h  luu'  iiiilrc  rivi^ic  npiiclli'i'  Kiiiioiit- 
{.CDiiitclic,  aiiwsi  y  (Mtniiirlsc  avcc  dix  liciics  th'  pini'midciii-  dans  Icsilits  tcrrcs, 
diml  hi  hail' dc  < 'iiiiii<;tiiii  iS:  Ic  ca|>  Tiiiiriiu'iitiii  I'unt  partic."     (.Mem.  7.");>.  i 

Till'  •fcncnil  l(H'alii)ii  nf  tliis  Sficrninry  is  plain  cnoii^ili,  and  as  slwiwii  nii 
niaj)  '•',{),  tliougli  tlidv  is  snnic  iJDiiht  almnt  its  exact  limiiularics.  Tlic  Kii/i'i- 
k-iiiiiihoui/int  is  prnbiibly  Hi\cr  IMiilip,  wliicli  the  Micniacs  n<i\v  call  A'o"<- 
odK-li-liiiD-tjiKti',  \mX  I  caiintit  locate  K'nii<iiiiii(,<iililii,\m\  it  may  lie  at  nr  nciir 
!"<licni(j<fuc.     I.K  hiiii' (tr  < 'liiiiii/lnH  is,  (i|  course,  the  ]in'si'iit  ('iiniherlaiul  lUi.sin. 

La\'ailiere,  who  was  an  important  man  in  Acadia,  made  a  successl'nl 
attemi)t  to  introduce  settlers  :in«l  cultivate  lamls,  and  thus  liecanie  t lie  only 
seignior  in  what  is  now  New  I>runswick  who  to  any  degree  fuUilled  the 
conditions  of  his  grant,  and  the  only  one  who  can  thus  be  reckoneil  along 
with  the  Hcigniors  of  Quebec.  Me  had  a  seigniorial  niiinor,  nii-ntioned  in  a 
docunicnt  of  170"),  whose  site  is  unknown,  though  in  all  probability  it  was 
on  the  islaiul  calleil  always  in  French  maps  and  (locuments  hlr  Lu  VallH^n:, 
now  Tonges  Island,  (Map  No.  24.)  About  1702  he  became  involved  in 
disputes  about  botnidarics  with  the  settlers  of  .'^hepody  and  IVtitcodiae, 
and  this  was  .<cttled  by  a  sjiecial  act  of  thi'  t'ouseil  d'Ktat,  in  1701;  \  IJameau, 
II.,  ■"•'>7),  which  extended  his  seigniory  to  include  r»hepody  and  I'etitcodiac, 
but  fnrl)ade  his  disturbing  the  settlei-s  there. 

In  1()7S  la  \'alliere  gave  a  tract  of  land  at  Ueaubassiu  for  a  mission,  and 
it  was  thus  described  in  a  document  of  that  year  :     (  Le  Tac,  lol.) 

"La  tlonation  falte  par  le  S^  do  la  Vallieri',  seigneur  de  Bt'aubassin 
dans  I'Acadie  (,'t  Dam''"  Denis,  sa  femine  aux  Kli.PP.  IfecoJIets  .  .  .  de 
six  arpens  de  front  qui  sont  en  prairies  dans  lad.  seigneiirie  de  r>eaul)assin 
sur  la  riviere  appellee  la  Kiviere  Krouillee  vis-A-vis  la  pointe  de  Heausejour 
en  montant  an  Nord-est  >S:  des  terres  (jid  se  trouveront  dans  la  profondeur 
depuis  lad'"  pointe  juis(iucs  a  nioitie  cheinin  des  baViitations  des  noinniez 
Martin  &  LaVallee  aiusi  qu'il  est  porte  ])lus  au  long  dans  le  contract  de  lad'" 
donat ion  pa.«se  aux  Trois  Kivieres  le  2*  septenibre  l<i7iS  pardevant  Amean, 
\otaire  roi'al." 

Since  the  identity  of  the  Riviere  Brouillee  is  unknown,  it  is  inipo.''sible  to 
locate  this  grant  with  certainty.  Of  course,  the  church  would  have  been 
built  upon  it,  and  but  two  early  churches  are  known  in  this  vicinity,  one  at 
Beaubassin,  near  Fort  Lawrence,  and  the  other  near  Fort  Beausejour,  though 
the  earlier  one  burnt  by  Col.  Chiu'ch  in  lt)9()  perhaps  stood  on  a  different 
site.  The  latter  stood  on  the  western  slope  of  the  Fort  Cumberland  Ridge, 
not  far  from  the  fort  (explained  earlier),  and  from  the  mention  of  the 
grant  as  "  ojiposite  the  point  of  Beausejour  going  towards  the  northeast,"  we 


i 

ll 


316 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OK  CANADA 


may  infer  that  the  ;.'iaiit  was  iIhtc.  In  tliin  ca.-c,  llic  Hivit-n-  IWuiiilhV 
wnnid  lit'  I'itlit'i-  iiti  earlier  name  I'cir  tlie  An  lac,  nr  fur  one  nf  the  two  or  iliret? 
al)oi(leiuieil  snialliT  streams  in  that  vi<'inily.  This  Mission  is  markeil  on  the 
"Carle  );enern lie  lie  la  Nonvelle  {•'ranee "  of  l(i',»2,  hut  not  ucriimtely  eiioiiKli 
to(|(>iermine  its  precise  ]>osition. 

The  settlements  of  Shepody  and  retilcodiiic  were  fonniled,  as  fully 
described  liy  Itaiiiean,  in  Kili.s,  the  former  hy  Thihamlenn  and  the  latter  hy 
Klanchaid.  In  17(L'  it  was  leconnnended  l>y  l>es(  ioiitliiis  that  they  he  j;iveii 
jfraiitH  of  these  places,  of  course  in  seiffniory,  hnl  decisions  of  the  Council  of 
State  of  17(1.'!  and  I7l»"i  show  that  while  they  were  allowed  to  continue  to 
occni)y  their  laiuls  they  were  within  the  limits  of  theSei(j;niory  of  LuValliere. 
I  Kameau,  II.,  ;i:!(l,  IC!?. ) 
1700— Cape  Near  Shepody.     Tn  Simr  (!,■  Villl,-ii.    (Aug.  21.) 

"  Two  lea^nes  of  land  in  front  [and  two  in  depth],  to  Ih'  taken  from  the 
Cape  ncnrcHt  to  the  Hay  of  Chie|ioiidy,  on  the  nftrtli-eiwt  side  thereof, 
dcaconding  to  the  south-west,  together  with  the  island  called  di/j:  .V<  »/(«," 
(Leg.  l.sii.  ) 

It  is  ])ossihle  to  locate  this  Seigniory  oidy  apj)roxirnat<'ly,  and  its  prob- 
able situation  i?  shown  on  maf)  No.  .'](»,  There  is  no  doubt  about  /.  <in.f 
Mntlis— it  is  the  name  on  all  the  old  map."  for  the  jiresent  firindstone  Island. 


4.     The  Birhibucto  Di'strict. 


No  account  whatever  of  the  seigniories  in  this  district  has  yet  been 
published. 

The  first  great  grant  in  this  region  was  that  of  163C,  confirmed 
in  1C53  and  IG'67,  to  Nicolas  Denj's,  which  included  all  the  coast  from 
Cape  Breton  to  Gaspc.  It  was  not  revoked  until  after  1685,  for  in  that 
year  Eichard  Denys,  as  representative  of  his  father,  made  grants  to 
RecoUet  Missionaries  at  Miramichi  and  Restigouche.  Yet  in  1684  a  portion 
was  regranted  at  Richibucto  and  other  places. 

1684— Richibucto.  To  Louk  iV Amours,  Emyer,  Sieur  de  Chauffours.  (.Sept.  20, 
confirmed  :May  24,  l(i81t). 

"  Ladite  riviere  Hichibouctou,  avec  nnc  lieiie  de  terre  de  front  du  cot<f^ 
du  sud-out'st,  i*c  de  I'autre  coto  jusques  A  trois  lieiiesau  dehl  de  ladite  rivii^re 
Chibouctonche,  icelle  comprise  &  les  isles,  i.slet.s  adjacentes,  &  de  profondcnr 
ju.sq'au  portage  qui  so  trouve  dans  ladite  riviCre  Kiehibouctou,  duquel  port- 
age sera  tire  nne  ligne  par.ilelle  an  front  i<c  bord  de  la  mer,  pour  terminer 
ladite  proffindeur.  .  .  .  lequi'l  iief  tt  seigneurie  portera  le  noni  de 
Chauffoui-s."     (Mem.  748). 

This  Seigniory  can  be  located  perfectly,  as  shown  on  the  map  No.  :?!1. 

It  is  stated  in  the  grant  that  the  new  Seignior  had  for  two  years  been 
cultivating  a  piece  of  land  on  the  southwest  side  of  the  Richibucto,  where 
he  had  built  a  fort  and  two  small  houses,  and  was  intending  to  bring  si'ttlera 
there— to  encourage  all  which,  this  grant  was  made.  But  about  1090  he  had 
removed  to  Jemseg,  as  already  shown,  perhaps  in  order  to  be  near  his  two 
brothers  on  the  St.  John. 

It  appears  that  land  in  this  region  had  been  granted  previous  to  1 065, 
but  not  having  been  occupied,  had  reverted  to  the  Crown.  The  grant  is 
printed  in  full  in  ^lem.,  p.  701, 


HISTORIC  BITES  IN  NEW  BKUNSWICK 

1606-At  Cooagne.      Tudinri/i   llnninl,  Simr  Dhj.I.sh!.-.      lUct.   |.'»>, 

"Till'  liiiy  iiiiil  river  of  ('ih'hjjiic,  fitimlc  in  Acadiii,  Icijjclhcr  willi  two 
lfii);iirs  iif  land  in  I'runt  on  ciicli  nidr  nf  ilic  siiil  liay  liy  nix  Ira^Mics  in  dt'pili, 
tlicHtiid  friiiit  til  ciiiiinii'nrr  nn  tin-  st-a  sliurr,  and  tliiiH  ciinlinnr  tlir  wlmli* 
ilcplli,  alsii  till' ailjari'nt  islands,  i^ilrts  and  niradnus,  tn  wtiicli  ^'raiit  \M');ivo 
till' nanir  111' hiipli'SfJ!-,"     (  l.i'j;,   LVS). 

Till'  liiratiiiii  nf  iliis  si'i){nii)ry  in  iilain,  and  is  an  slinwii  mi  tlu>  tniip  No. 

'.'M.      It  iivrrlai)H  till' Hi'i)^nii)ry  nf  i'l'  Cliauffnurs,  ii  fart  nl' cuiifsi'  tint  kimwii 

at  that  liini'.     in  tlii'  ^jranl  Sii'iir  i>iipli'.«sis  is  di'si-rihi'd  as  '•('Icrk  in  llii> 

riitnitry  fur  M.  !>i'  I.iibi'rt,  tri'asiiriT  f^i'iirral  ui  tlii'  Na\>." 

1697 -LinOVille,  at    ShediaO.      7'<     Simr  Miilliini    </,     Litm,    Mnrrliiiinl  i\  fjnilin; 

(Mar.  L'Ki. 

"A  rrrtain  trart  uf  land  I'unlainin;;  "livi'  Irajjiirs  or  tlirri'ahnuis  l)y  a 
similar  di'ptli,  situati'  nn  tlu'  cuast  of  Aradia,  uppnsiti'  the  island  ui  St.  .Inlin, 
!o  1h'  taken  from  (In-  I'onrrssinn  nf  tlu'  ,<ii'nr  Diijili'ssiH,  tri-astiri'r  uf  tin* 
navy,  nf  llii'  Hay  and  iJiviT  nf  CnciiKni',  K"i"H  Inwards  tin'  -niitli-i'aj*l  in  llio 
dirt'ctinn  of  that  nf  llic  Sii'urdi'  la  \'allii''rr,  tiij?i'tlirr  with  iln'  islands,  1.-.  'Is, 
Ix'iichi's  and  caiM's,  sitiiato  opposite  the  saiiu',  and  jfive  to  the  said  eoiu'cs.-mn 
the  name  nf  Linoville."     (  Li'{<.  Hi?.) 

The  Incatinii  nf  this  Seigninry  is  plain  and  slmwii  mi  map  :!!•. 

The  grant  state's  it  is  in  return  for  his  .service  as  iiiterpret*'r  in  the  I'.nj;- 
lish  languajfe,  which  he  has  always  donegnitis. 
1697  -St.  Paul  at  Cape  Bald.     7<-  sintr  pmtl  niti>ini.   (  Ai)r.  4). 

"Three  leaj^ues  of  land  in  front  nr  thereabnuls  by  a  similar  depth, 
situate  on  the  coast  of  Acadia  on  the  gri-at  hay  nf  St.  Ijawrence,  jnining  f>n  one 
side  the  concession  of  the  Siciir  de  Lino,  and  on  the  other  side  that  nf  the 
Sieur  lie  la  Valliere,  tngcther  with  the  islands,  islets  and  beacheH  which  may 
be  foimd  within  the  said  extent,  and  give  the  said  lanil  t he  luiine  i )f  St . 
Paul."     (Leg.  KiH). 

The  location  is  unmistakable,  and  is  shown  on  map  No.  .'W.  The 
grant  stiites  that  it  is  "  in  consiiU'nitinn  of  the  gnod  services  which  the  said 
Sieur  Dupuy  has  rendered  in  this  country,  a.s  well  in  war  as  in  the  dlHchargo 
of  the  situations  which  he  ha.s  held." 


J.     The  Miramichi  Dislriet. 


Tho  history  of  the  siiiglo  Seigniory  of  this  tlistriet  has  not  yet  been 
written,  except  briefly  in  ^[r.  IJaymonil's  recent  paper  on  tho  Xorth 
Shore.  It  was  entirely  unknown  to  Coorey,  the  only  historian  of  the 
Miramichi  valley. 

1687 — Miramichi.  To  Siinr  Uirhdrd  Ikmjx  dr  Froiisiir.  (Apr.  IS,  conlirmed 
:Mar.  Ki,  1(1!»1). 

"  A  quinze  lieues  de  devanture  snr  ciuinz  lieues  de  pmfondi'ur,  a  prendre 
(lepuys  la  riviere  J)e.i  Irititfn,  ycelle  comprise  tme  lieue  tirant  au  sud-ost,  et  les 
aultres  quatorze  lieues  tirant  au  nord  oucst."  (Docs  II.,  40,  Murdoch  L, 
litS). 

There  is  much  confusion  in  the  diffen-nt  versions  nf  this  grant,  and  the 
confirmations  usually  attribute  it  to  Nicolas  Dcnys  de  Kronsac  or  Frontenac. 
Murdoch  ( I.,  1!KS)  with  others  has  this  error.  Yet  several  facts  put  it  beyond 
doubt  that  the  grant  was  to  the  son  Kicluird,  not  to  the  father  Nicolas. 


i  '  'tS 


I 

i! 


318  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

Thus  tlio  only  version  I  Imvo  soon  of  the  original  grant  has  Richard  Denys  ; 
both  St.  Valii'r  and  Lc  Clcrcq  tell  us  that  Ricli^ird  DiMiys  lived  at  Miramichi, 
and  they  speak  of  him  as  jjvoprietor  ;  an  early  document  (Archives,  1884,  18) 
on  Seigniories  speaks  of  Richard  Denys  de  Fronsac  as  first  grantee  of 
Miraniichi. 

I  have  not  been  able  to  locate  this  Seigniory.  Tlu^  identity  of  the 
Hiviere  des  Truiti'S  (Trout  River)  is  unknown;  Ihere  nuist  be  some  error 
about  tlu!  directions,  for  a  line  running  first  southciist,  and  then  northwest 
would  riui  back  upon  itself.  It  nuist  have  been  on  the  north  side  of  Mira- 
niiclii,  partly  because  Denys  residence  (discu.ssed  earlier)  wa.s  almost  cer- 
tainly there,  and  partly  because  grants  at  Xepisiguit  later  to  be  mentioned^ 
bordered  upon  it. 

kichanl  Denys  afterwards  accpiired  the  extensive  Seigniories  of  Nopisi- 
guit  and  Restigcjuche.' 

In  KiS."),  (.Vug.  i:!),  Richard  Denys,  as  lieutenant  for  his  lather,  granted 
three  Iciigues  of  land  to  the  Recollets  for  a  mission  on  the  river  St.  Croix 
(^liramichi)  (^lurdoch,  1.,  KiS).  St.  \'aiier  says  the  missionaries  chose 
the  land  at  Skinoul)on<liclie,  which  it  can  scarci'ly  bt'  questioned  Wiis  the 
modern  Burnt  Church  Point  (see  earliei')  ;  and  thus  oi-iginaled  the  present 
Burnt  Church  Indian  Mission,  which  is  thus  by  far  the  oldest  now  in  exist- 
ence in  New  Brunswick.  This  Mission  is  marked  on  the  "Carte  generallc 
de  la  Xouvelle  France"  of  l(i!t2,  on  the  north  side  of  the  ^liranuchi,  near  its 
mouih,  but  not  accurately  enough  to  determine  its  exact  site. 


0.     The  Nepisitjnit  District, 

Xo  account  of  tlio  Seigniories  of  this  district  has  yet  been  published, 
excepting  only  the  scanty  and  erroneous  refercncos  in  Co,oney. 

The  original  grant  to  Denj-s  included  all  this  district,  and  he  had 
establishments,  as  he  tells  us  in  his  book,  at  Miscou  and  Nepisiguit, 
His  rights  must  have  lapsed  after  1085,  for  after  that  date  large  portions 
of  that  district  were  rograntcd. 

It  is  ]io.ssible  there  Avas  a  grant  of  Miscoii  to  a  Company  in  1668,  but 
evidently  it  was  of  little  or  no  effect.     (Archives,  1885,  3i{). 

1689.— Pocmouche.      To  Mlrh<l  J)r  Gnz,  hnlilUntt  ilironiKinrlic.     (Aug.  ;i). 

■']  lieue  de  front  stu'  1  lieue  profondeur  dans  la  Riviere  de  Pomouche." 
(Leg.  111'.) 

The  site  rtf  this  grant  (  not  a  Si'igniory)  may  be  fixed  approximately,  as 
on  3Iap  3i».  This  was  afterwards  included  in  a  Seigniory  of  Esnault  (see 
later),  and  it  is  .said  of  Detirez  (or  Delgrais)  that  he  hiui  "retired  with  the 
JMiglish  of  Boston,  and  married  an  Fviglish  woman,  although  lu^  wi\s  nmrried 
to  an  Indian  woman,  and  his  marriage  had  been  solenuiized  in  presence 
of  tlie  church." 
1690— Nepisiguit.  T<i  Sifitr  Jidtt  Gobin,  MnvclKnid  d  QiwIk'c.  (Jlay  2(5,  con- 
tinued March  Ki,  I'llll). 

"Extent  of  twelve  leagues  in  front  by  ten  leagues  in  depth  on  the  Jhiie 
ilt'K  Chaleurs  in  Acadia,  together  with  the  rivei-s  which  may  be  found  within 
the  limits  of  the  said  tract  of  land,  the  said  twelve  leagues  of  land  to  coni- 

>  On  tlieir  later  history  see  Murdoch,  II.,  441  and  Archivas,  1884,  10,  IB. 


m 


[ganono] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


319 


as 
he 

ICV' 

lu- 
ll n'l' 
Ilia 
liin- 


nii'iico  running  from  tho  boundary  of  tlic  concession  made  to  the  Sieiir  (h- 
I'ronsac,  settlinl  by  the  Intciidanls'  Ordinance  bearing  date  the  eighteenth 
day  I )f  April  last,  going  towards  the  northeast,  together  with  the  points  of 
land,  islands,  islets  and  shoals  which  may  l)e  found  situate  opposite  the  said 
triicl  of  land." 

In  th(!  preamble  "including  the  River  Xepisiguit  "  is  given.  (Murdoch, 
I.,    I!»8,    Leg.  117). 

It  is  not  po.ssihle  to  locate  this  Seigniory  very  exactly  unless  it  be 
assumed  that  the  Xepisiguit  formed  its  central  part,  as  was  usual  in  such 
grants. 

This  grant  (Archives,  1884.  il)  was  ceded  l)y  (iobin,  "  the  (irst  grantee," 
to  Richard  Denys  de  Fronsac,  and  through  his  wife  descended  to  Rey- 
Ciaillard,  who  in^ld  it  in   l7o;j. 

This  appears  to  be  the  grant  that  (."ooney  a.ssigns  to. lean  Jacques  Knaud. 
as  including  all  land  between  (^rand  Ance  and  .lacquet  River,  which  is  cer- 
taiidy  an  error,  as  (iobin  was  the  llrst  grantee.  Ksnault  (or  Enaud )  is 
sjioken  of  in  the  Census  of  1()8()  as  a  lesideni  of  Xepisiguit,  as  he  is  in  his 
gi-ant  of  Pocmouche  of  ItiO.'i.  He  tnay  have  been  iigent  for  Gobin. 
1693— Pokemouche.  In  Philiju.t  Exivmli,  huhihnd  <h:  X,pUi<jiiU.  (Aug.  17; 
conlirmed  Ajir.  L"),  I(iil4. ) 

"The  said  river  I'ocmouche,  and  four  leagues  of  land  in  front  on  each 
side  of  the  same,  by  a  similar  depth,  the  present  grant  including  the  said  one 
leagvo  of  lai' 1  iieretofore  conceded  to  the  said  Degrais."     (Leg.  KJO). 

The  location  is  fairly  plain,  and  as  shown  on  Maj)  No.  ;i9.  Degrais 
(DeOrez)  Iiad  abandoned  his  land,  owing  Ksnault  L'(K)  livres,  as  the  gi-ant 
relates. 

Esnault  is  mentioned  in  documents  of  the  timi — in  the  Census  and  in 
Ledercq,  who  calls  him  Heiiaut, -Sieur  de  Barbaucanni's.  Co  jney  gives 
traditions  of  him  and  calls  him  Jean  Jacques  Enaud,  and  imts  his  coming  to 
Ne])isiguit  nuich  too  early.  Dionne  ( INIiscou)  says  he  was  granted  the  lief 
of  Nepisguit,  two  square  leagues,  but  f  lind  no  authority  for  this,  and  it 
must  be  an  error,  since  Xepisiguit  wa,s  granted  to  Cobin.  A  Rene  d'laieau 
received  a  gnint  at  Port  Daniel  in  KiiMl. 
I  719 — Miscou.     To  <  'omil si.  I'lirtr,  ji:-"iiiiir  rrnjir  <lr  M<i<hi))ii'  hi  (IhcIu'skc  ci  Orlaiih-<. 

The  islands  of  St.  John  and  Miscou.  (ISIurdoch,  I.,  ;]8l').  In  17:?0  this 
grant  was  revoked.     An  interesting  account  of  it  is  given  by  .Murdoch. 

7.     licstiijouche  District. 

No  account  of  tho  single  Seignioiy  on  this  river  on  the  New  Bruns- 
wick side  ha.s  yet  been  published. 

In  1685  (Auff.  3)  Kichaid  Denys  de  Fronsac,  acting  as  lieutenant 
for  his  father,  granted  tiireo  leagues  of  land  at  Resligouche  to  the  Ilocol- 
lets  for  a  mis-sion.  There  is  no  special  evidence  to  locate  this  grant,  but 
it  is  altogether  probable  it  included  old  Mission  Point  above  Campbelltoni 
as  already  discussed. 

1890— Bestigoucho.      (May  2(>,  confirmed  March  Hi,  KlOl).      7'(>  .bVcwr  [/'iVm] 
/,('  M<»jnc  d'  Ihi'rrillf. 

"A  space  of  land  of  12  leagues  front  by  10  leagues  in  d"pth,  in  the 
Ray  of  Chaleurs,  in  Acadie,  cjmpri^  ing  the  rivers  to  be  fotuid  within  that 


I 


,     -■-Ag« 


320  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

extent,  iiiciisiiriiig  said  1-'  k-agiu's  from  tlio  boundary  of  Sr.  (iobin'H  grant 
on  the  nortli  west  course  in  part,  and  tiii'  otiicr  part  on  tlic  east  soutli  cast, 
the  river  of  Hi'stigouclie  included,  with  the  points,  islands,  islets  and  flats 
in  the  front."     (Murdoch,  I.,  litS.     Doc.  II.,  40 ;  Leg.  US.) 

The  location  of  this  Seigniory  is  in  thi'  main  clear,  and  as  shown  in 
Map  No.  .")(».  It  could  hardly,  however,  have  bordered  upon  the  lands  of 
Gobin,  a,s  the  distance  from  Nepisiguit  to  lii'stigouche  is  too  great. 

This  Seigniory  was  ceded  by  <l' Iberville  to  i\ichard  Denys  de  Frm  sac 
(Archives,  1SK4, 10)  anil  descended  through  Ids  wife  to  I{ey-(  iaillard,  wiio 
held  it  in  175:5. 

The  gnmt  of  1707  to  Charles  florin  on  the  Hiver  Listigf)nche  was  in 
Cloridon  and  therefore  in  Quebec,  outside  of  our  present  limits. 


IV.    THE  ENGLISH  PERIOD. 

This  clearly  marked  and  most  interesting  period  of  our  history, 
second  in  importance  only  to  the  Loyalist  period,  has  not  yet  been  treated 
as  a  whole  by  any  of  our  historians.  Its  beginning  was  really  marked  by 
theTreaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713,  which  transferred  Acadia  to  England,  though 
it  was  always  denied  by  the  French  that  the  Acadia  thus  ceded  included 
the  mainland,  or  what  is  now  New  Brunswick.  No  attempt  was  made  by 
the  English  to  settle  any  part  of  this  Province  until  after  the  capture  of 
Fort  Beaus<5jour  (Fort  Cumberland)  and  the  expulsion  of  the  Acadians. 
The  first  actual  English  settlement  in  any  part  of  the  present  New  Bruns- 
wick, excepting  a  few  settlers  about  Fort  Cumberland,  was  made  by 
a  party  of  New  Plnglanders  from  Rhode  Island  at  Sackville  in  1761. 
The  next  year  James  Simonds  established  himself  at  the  mouth  of 
the  St.  John,  and  in  1763  a  large  colony  from  New  England  settled  at 
Maugerville,  on  the  St.  John,  constituting  the  largest  and  most  important 
'mmigration  to  this  part  of  the  Province  that  occurred  in  this  period. 
About  the  same  time  the  traders  and  fishermen  from  New  England, 
previously  migratory,  began  to  settle  at  Passamaquoddy,  and  slowly 
increased  in  numbers  until  1770,  when  Lieutenant  William  Owen  settled 
at  CampobcUo  with  his^colony  of  thirty  settlers  from  England,  the  most 
important  accession  to  this  region  in  this  period.  New  settlers  from  New 
England  continued  to  arrive  at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  in  17(;3 
a  i'ew  families  of  German  descent  from  Pennsylvania  settled  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Petitcodiac,  while  in  1772  the  settlements  about  the  Misse- 
guash  district  received  a  most  important  acceasion  in  a  number  of 
families  from  Yorkshire,  England.  In  1764  Davidson  and  Cort,  from 
Scotland,  settled  on  the  Miramichi,  and  from  time  to  time  other  settlers 
joined  them.  At  Nepisiguit,  about  176(i,  Commodore  Walker  established 
an  important  trading  post,  with  a  branch  at  Restigouche,  where  also  one 
Shoolbred  waa  established.  On  the  St.  John,  settlers  continued  to  arrive 
from  diti'erent  places,  though  in  no  great  numbers,  and  a  few  came  as  ten- 


-in.  .1 ,  ijaji  L!iiwiw«fwy|i>;  (I 


'! 


T 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


321 


ants  upon  tho  great  grants  which  were  made  in  this  period.  During  the 
early  part  of  tho  revolution  all  of  the  New  Hrunswick  settlements  suf- 
fered greatly  from  the  attacks  of  privateers,  which  is  a  polite  name  for 
those  vultures  who  use  great  causes  as  a  cloak  for  the  most  dastardly  and 
cowardly  of  outrages.  After  Fort  Howe  was  built  in  1778,  the  settle- 
ments on  tho  St.  John  were  safe,  and  many  settlers  from  more  exposed 
places  went  there,  while  war  vessels  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy  partially  jiro- 
tected  tho  others  ;  but  tho  traders  on  the  Miramichi,  Nepisiguit  and  IJcsti- 
gouche  were  well  nigh  or  quite  ruined  by  them.  Finally,  after  the 
peace  of  1783,  this  period  at  Passamaquoddy  and  on  the  St.  John  was 
brought  to  an  abrupt  end  by  the  arrival  of  the  Loyalists.  They  pro- 
duced, however,  comparatively  little  etTect  in  Sackville  and  Cumberland, 
at  the  head  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  practically  none  at  all  anywhere 
on  the  North  Shore,  in  which  the  Knglish  period  may  be  considered  to 
have  merged  gradually  into  the  Post-Loyalist  period. 

Of  the  greatest  importance  in  the  history  of  this  period  is  the  attempt 
to  settle  the  Province  by  the  introduction  of  tenants  through  immense 
grants  made  to  otficei'S  and  others.  It  is  not  within  the  function  of  this 
paper  to  trace  the  history  of  this  most  important  and  inteiesting  subject, 
and  I  can  but  indicate  here  a  few  of  its  leading  points.  Shortly  after 
1760  it  was  decided  to  reserve  most  of  the  rich  lands  of  the  St.  John  for 
officers  of  the  Royal  service.  So  markedly  was  this  the  policy  of  Govern- 
ment that  it  was  only  through  an  exception  made  in  their  favour  that  the 
Maugerville  settlers  were  able  to  hold  tho  lands  they  had  taken  possession 
of  in  1763.  In  1765  the  at.  John  and  Passamaquoddy  were  surveyed  by 
Morris,  and  there  began  a  series  of  immense  land  grants  to  individual 
officere  and  to  associations  of  disbanded  otHcers  and  others.  The  larger 
of  these  grants  were  established  as  townships  of  some  100,000  or  more 
acres,  and  during  1765  no  less  than  eleven  of  these  townships,  tho^^e  of 
Francfort,  Amesbury,  Burton,  Sunbury,  Newtown.  Conway,  Gagctown,  and 
one  other  on  the  St.  John,  and  Moncktoii,  Hopewell  and  Hillsborough  on  the 
Petitcodiac  were  granted,  with  numerous  smaller  grants  in  their  vicinity. 
Maugerville  and  Cumberland  hud  already  been  granted  to  genuine  settlers, 
and  Sackville  was  later  similarly  granted.  The  history  of  these  three 
townships  diflers  from  all  the  others  in  that  they  were  settled  before  they 
were  granted.  In  later  years  other  large  grants  were  made,  but  not  again 
in  such  abundance  and  size  as  in  176"),  A  condition  of  all  these  gi-ants  was 
the  settlement  upon  them  of  a  given,  and  considerable,  number  of  settlers 
within  a  certain  time,  and  there  is  abundant  evidence  in  old  records,  such 
as  newspaper  advertisements,  colonization  broad.sides,  etc.,  that  many  of 
the  grantees  maile  vigorous  efforts  to  obtain  settlers,  oti'ering  them  most 
liberal  inducements.  But  settlers  wei-c  very  hard  to  obtain,  and  in  many  of 
these  townships  few  or  none  were  settled,  and  in  none  of  them  whatever 
were  the  conditions  complied  with  sufflcientl}'  to  hold  the  land.     In  some 


■I 


' 


•^ 


322 


KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


of  the  other  hirge  grants  to  smaller  associations  and  to  individuals,  how. 
ever,  settlers  were  brought  and  conditions  fulfilled,  so  that  the  land  is 
held  under  those  titles  to  this  day.  The  best  examples  of  this  are  Campo- 
bello  at  Passamaquoddy,  and  Kemblo  Manor  and  a  part  of  Spryhamplon, 
on  the  St.  John,  but  there  were  several  others  of  lesser  note  as  well.  It 
wa.s,  of  course,  expecteil  tliat  many  of  these  grants  would  be  settled  like 
the  great  estates  in  J'^ngland,  with  tenants  paying  rent  to  the  proprietors  ; 
and  some  of  them  were,  of  which  Campobellois  the  best  example,  in  which, 
indeed,  the  tenant  system  persists  to  thi.s  day.  In  the  case  of  the  great 
towii.ships,  however,  where  the  pro))rietors  were  luimerous,  tlioy  were 
probably  actuated  rather  by  a  spirit  of  speculation,  based  on  the  belief 
that  these  lands  would  advance  immensely  in  value,  and  could  then  be  sold 
out  at  a  large  profit.  But  this  expectation  was  never  realized,  and  when 
in  1783  the  lands  were  needed  for  the  Loyalists,  there  was  no  difficulty  in 
securing  the  escheat  of  all  the  townships  for  non-fultilment  of  conditions, 
and  Ihey  were  regranted  to  actual  Loyalist  settlers,  as  will  presently  be 
described.  It  is  rather  a  striking  coincidence  that  these  same  lands  which 
the  Fi-ench  (rovernment  attempted  to  settle  upon  the  seigniorial  system, 
the  British  Government  attempted  nearly  a  century  later  to  settle  upon 
the  tenant  .system,  and  that  the  attempt  failed  in  both  cases,  though  the 
lands  themselves  are  among  the  richest  in  America.  Thus  the  great 
towii.-«hips  on  the  St.  John  all  became  extinct,  and  even  their  names  are 
mostly  forgotten,  though  .some  of  them.  Burton,  Sunbury,  Gagelovvn 
persist  as  pai'ishes  or  county.  But  would  it  not  be  well,  as  new  names  are 
needed  in  those  places,  to  revive  again  Francfort,  Amesbury  or  Ahneston, 
Conical/,  and  even  the  names  of  smaller  grants,  such  as  Spryhampton, 
Mount  Pawlett,  Ileatonville,  Morrisania  i  In  Westmorland,  though 
Monckton,  Jlt'llsborowjh  and  Hopewell  were  escheated,  the  names  pewist  ; 
in  this  county  the  old  townships  of  Nova  Scotia  all  became  pai-ishes  in 
-New  Brunswick.  The  old  townships  produced,  however,  one  etl'cct  which 
still  lasts;  their  boundaries  in  many  cases  became  parish,  and  even  county 
lines,  ))articularly  in  Westmorland,  and  in  many  cases  these  boundaries 
have  persisted  through  all  subsequent  changes. 

'J'he  settlements  and  land  grants  of  this  period  are  iihown  on  the 
accompanying  map  No.  45,  on  which  those  who.se  locations  are  not 
certainly  known  to  me  are  in  dotted  lines.  One  will  be  struck  at  once 
with  the  iact  that  both  settlements  and  grants  of  this  period  coincide 
remarkably  with  those  of  the  preceding  Acadian  period.  There  is,  of 
course,  no  genetic  connection  between  the  two,  but  the  coincidence  is  due 
to  independent  adaptation  to  a  similar  enviroment, — it  is  the  nature  of  the 
country  that  determines  where  the  settlements  wore  in  the  two  cases.  A 
second  feature  is  the  much  larger  settlement  of  the  Passamaquoddy  and  St. 
John  and  Cumberland  region  in  comparison  with  the  North  Shore,  which 
in  this  period  received  hardly  any  settlers  at  all,  and  those  mostly  from 


[ganono] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


323 


of 

luo 

the 

A 

St. 

ich 


England.  This  fact  is  partly  explained  by  the  superior  quality  of  the 
land  on  the  St.  John  and  at  Cumberland,  and  of  the  fishery  at  Passiuna- 
quoddy,  but  a  far  more  important  cause  is  found  in  geographical  condi 
tions.  Since  all  travel  was  by  water,  and  most  of  the  settlers  were  from 
New  Enj'land,  the  far  distant  North  Shore  naturally  received  but  few  of 
them.  third  striking  fact  is  the  importance  of  the  rivers  and  harbours 
in  influencing  settlement;  none  of  those  in  this  period  were  away  from 
the  margin  of  waters  navigable  by  small  vessels. 

A.  Settlements  and  Forts. 

1.  The  Passamaquoddy   District. 

The  history  of  the  settlements  of  this  period  in  this  district  has  I'ten 
so  fully  written  in  the  "Courier  Series,"  and  in  the  two  papers  on  Cani- 
pobello  in  the  Collections  of  the  New  lirunswick  Historical  Society  that 
the  very  briefest  reference  is  all  that  is  necessary  here,  and  the  facts  given 
below  are  to  be  understood  as  derived  from  these  two  sources.  The 
period  began  with  the  visits  of  New  England  fishermen  and  tradere  soon 
after  1760,  and  except  for  the  Owen  colony,  all  were  from  New  England. 
The  first  permanent  settler  was  Alexander  Hodges  at  Pleasant  Point  in 
1763;  others  came  from  time  to  time  to  ditterent  points,  and  a  great 
accession  was  made  in  the  Owen  colony  on  Campobelloin  177(',  The  settlers 
gradually,  but  vc  slowly,  increased  in  numbers  until  the  coming  of  the 
Loyalists  in  178o.  With  the  exception  of  the  Campobcllo  colony  and  one 
or  two  others,  however,  the  settlers  were  all  squatters  to  whose  fancied 
rights  the  Loyalists  paid  scant  regard. 

A. — At  St.  Stephen,  Fii^liermen  had  a  camp  hero  a?  early  as  1700,  and  when  tlic 
Loyaliiits  came  in  1784  they  fuunil  nine  families  on  the  sitr  of  St.  Sti'jihcn 
scattered  along  the  river  front.  A  full  account  of  them  and  their  exact  loca- 
tions is  in  the  Courier  Tories. 

B. — At  St.  Andrews.  In  1770  two  settlers  established  themselves  near  the  j)ublic 
landing  at  St.  Andrews,  and  others  came  later.  TJie  name  St.  Andre\\s  was 
used  at  least  as  early  as  17().^,  and  belongs  perhaps  to  the  Acadian  period. 

C. — Digdeguash.  .losepli  Curry  settled  at  the  mouth  of  this  river  soon  after  1770. 

D.— Deer  Island.  In  1770  Captain  Ferrel  establisheil  himself  at  Chocolate  Cove, 
after  buying  the  Island  from  its  original  gnintee  ;  other  settlers  came  later. 

B. — Pleasant  Point.  Tlie  lirst  settler  came  in  J7().'5,  and  others  later.  This  was 
probabh'  the  earliest  permanent  English  settlement  in  this  district. 

P. — Indian  Island.  James  Boyd  settled  here  in  17(1;!,  and  others  later.  This 
island  became  an  important  trading  post,  and  was  known  also  as  Fish  Island 
or  Perkins  Island.  All  the  early  settlers  appear  to  have  occuiiied  tlie  sotit  iiern 
end  of  the  island.  Marvel  Island,  counected  with  it  on  the  south,  was  |)rcili- 
ably  the  site  of  Simonds'  and  AVhite's  trading  post  of  1703-1770. 

G. — Moose  Island.    Settlement  was  begun  here  about  1772. 

H. — Campobello.  On  this  island  were  two  important  settlements.  liobert'WiJsiin 
with  others  settled  at  Wilson's  Beach  in  170(>,  buying  out  one  predeeessc ir. 


c. 

■,.'■ 


It      ! 


ii 


324 


KOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


It 


Mai»  No.  40.    IIisTouic'AL  Mai-  ok  Passamaquoddy. 


Ml 


[ganoxo] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


32S 


^rench6ran\ 
tJean  fKuinitl 


r/^eMQ5CQT«: 


.V 


Whitt  Vtanta 
nington 


ing  Cove 


ii-w  Head 


Wilson  was  a  aqiuitter,  but  acquired  iiis  lands  by  possession,  later  con- 
(iriiu'd  by  a  grant.  In  1770  Lit-utenant  Owon  arrived  from  England  witli 
siiiiu'  ;!0  settlers  and  ostablishcd  the  settlement  of  New  Warrington  on 
Campobello,  the  most  important  of  the  pre-Loyalist  settlements  in  this 
district.  The  site  of  this  settlement  is  f)erfectly  well  known  and  shown  on  a 
cut  on  p.  11  of  the  second  Campobello  paper.  It  was  on  Harbour  Delate 
between  Curry's  cove  and  Wilson's  Beach. 

There  were  temporary  settlers  on  (irand  ]\hinan  at  Bonny's  Brook,  but 
fi>r  a  short  time  only,  as  related  by  Mr.  Howe.     (Coll.  N.  B.  Hist.  Soc,  I. 

;i4(i. ) 

There  were  possibly  a  few  .scattered  single  settlers  at  other  points  in 
this  district,  and  there  were  others  on  Cobscook  bay,  not  within  our  present 
limits,  but  these  are  all  that  are  positively  known  in  the  region  within  the 
limits  of  this  paper.  Tlie  sites  of  these  settlements  are  shown  on  the  accom- 
panying map  No.  40.  It  is  noteworthy  w ith  what  regularity  the  settlement*- 
of  this  period  occupied  tbe  same  sites  as  those  f)f  the  Acadian  period,  which 
in  their  turn  had  so  frequently  occupietl  the  sites  of  earlier  Indian  camping- 
grounds. 

During  this  period  there  were  no  forts  in  this  district. 

2.  The  St.  John  District. 

Though  no  complete  history  of  the  settlements  of  this  period  on  the 
St.  John  has  yet  bejn  attempted,  there  are  very  satisfactory  histories  of 
at  least  three  of  the  particular  settlements  by  New  Brunswick  historians, 
i.e.  of  theMaugerville  Settlement  by  Uannay,  of  Kemble  Manor  by  Howe, 
anil  of  the  settlements  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  by  Ilaymond  ;  and  there 
arc  many  references  to  other  settlements  of  the  period  in  the  writings  of 
these  and  other  local  historians.  A  most  valuable  document  giving  a 
full  return  of  all  the  settlers  in  this  district  before  the  coming  of  the 
Loyalists  has  been  printed  in  the  collections  of  the  New  Brunswick 
Historical  Society  ;  and  in  the  Crown  Land  office  at  Fredericton  are  many 
maps,  grants,  etc.,  relating  to  the  period.  The  materials,  therefore,  are 
fairly  ample  for  recovering  the  locations  of  the  settlements  of  this  period 
in  this  district,  and  a  brief  account  will  here  sufHce. 

The  permanent  settlement  of  the  district  began  with  the  arrival  of 
James  Simonds  at  the  mouth  of  the  river  in  1762.  In  the  next  year  the 
Maugerville  colonj'  brought  a  largi;  number  of  settlers  from  New  JOngland, 
and  formed  the  only  imjiorlant  single  accession  received  during  the 
period  ;  for,  after  that,  the  settlers,  coming  from  the  most  diverse  sources, 
arrived  singly-  or  in  small  numbers,  so  that  they  increased  but  slowly, 
though  steadily,  until  the  coming  of  the  Loyali.>ts  in  1783.  The  attempt 
to  settle  the  best  lands  of  the  river  by  large  grants  on  the  tenant  system, 
l)resently  to  be  considered,  was  almost  a  complete  failure.  The  settle- 
ments of  this  period  extended  up  from  the  mouth  of  the  river  to  St. 
Anne's  Point,  at  which  and  just  above  until  the  end  of  the  period,  were 
some  sixty  families  of  Acadian  French.  The  positions  of  the  townships 
will  be  described  in  the  next  section. 


I'l 


ir 


326 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


A.  Settlements. 


A.— St.  Annes  Point.  The  return  of  1783  pIiowh  throe  faniihes  here.  The 
exact  sites  of  their  settlement  and  of  those  of  the  French  Acadians  are  not 
known  to  me,  though  possibly  some  of  the  early  plans  in  the  York  deeds 
would  throw  light  upon  the  subject. 

B. — Nashwaak.  In  178:>  there  were  eight  families  here  in  the  townsliip  of  Newtown. 
Here  near  the  old  French  fort,  John  Anderson  had  a  grant  and  established 
a  trading  post  in  ITCU.     (See  map  No.  17). 

A  sawmill,  on  the  site  of  the  present  mills  at  Marysville,  was  commenced 
by  the  Canada  Company  in  17fiG. 

C. — Burton,  (then  including  the  present  Lincoln).  In  1783  some  forty-two 
families  were  scattered  al(jng  the  river,  of  whom  several  were  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Oromocto. 

D. — Maugerville.  The  history  of  this  settlement  by  ^Fr.  Ilannay,  in  the  collec- 
tions of  the  New  Brunswick  Historical  Society,  I.,  ()3,  gives  full  information 
upon  it.  It  was  composed  of  New  Fnglanders  and  was  by  far  the  largest 
and  most  important  settlement  of  the  pericxl  in  New  Bnmswick. 

E. — Spryhampton,  Heatonviile,  etc.  (for  location  see  map  No.  4.5).  These 
were  not  included  in  the  roturn  of  1783,  and  hence  we  know  less  about  the 
settlements  here  than  elsewhere.  The  map  by  Morris  of  1774,  shows  several 
houses  along  the  west  bank  of  the  river  between  Swan  Creek  and  Harts 
Lake,  but  none  on  the  opposite  side  except  two  at  Jeraseg.  There  were 
several  later  settlers  about  Jemseg,  however,  on  leases  from  William  Spry. 

p. — Qagetown.  The  retin-nof  1783  shows  some  thirty-seven  families  settleil  here, 
some  of  them  on  ^Musquash  Island,  of  whom  several,  no  doubt,  lived  on  the 
site  of  the  modern  village  of  (iagetown.  In  1771  C.  N.  G.  Jadis  had  a  store 
on  the  site  of  Giigetown,  burnt  that  year  by  the  Indians. 

G.— Kembie  Manor.  The  history  of  this  grant  and  its  settlers  is  fully  given  by 
Mr.  Howe  in  the  New  Brunswick  Miigazine,  I.,  14().  Several  settlers  upon 
it  were  scattered  along  the  river. 

H, — Amesbury,  now  Kingston.  In  1783  there  were  but  four  families  u|)on  this 
tract. 

I. — Indiantown.  The  Indian  house  for  trading  with  tlie  Indians  wa.s  built  here 
in  177'.t,  and  there  was  another  settler  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river,  of 
which  full  accounts  are  given  by  Mr.  Kaymond. 

J.— Conway.     (Carleton)     Sec  the  following  : 

K. — Portland.  The  history  of  the  settlements  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  .lohn  has 
been  so  exhaustively  and  authoritatively  treated  by  ^Ir.  Kaymond  (in  the 
New  Brunswick  ^higazine,  vols.  I.,  II.  and  III. )  that  no  further  reference  to 
the  subject  is  necessary  here. 


B.  Forts. 


In  this  period  there  were  but  three  occupied  forts  on  the  St  John. 

A.— Fort  Frederick.    This  stood  at  Carleton  on  the    "  Old  Fort"  site,  whose 

_^-    earlier  history  has  already  been  considered.     It  was  at  times  in  this  period 

i-lil     occupietl  by  a  small  garrison,  but  being  found  insufficient  for  the  defence  of 

the  river  and  harbour  against  the  New  England  privateers,  was  abandoned 


^ 


[qaxoso] 


HISTORIC  SITES  I\  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


327 


wlii'ii  Kurt  llowi'  wiis  hiiilt.     It-s^niuml  iihiii  is  slinwii  on  tlic  a(.'i.'iiiiij)anj'ing 

luiip  Nil.  41. 
B. — Fort  Howe.     This  furt  was  ijuilt  in  177s  fur  tlic  prutcrtinii  of  the  Imrlinur 

;uicl  liver  iii^iiirisl 
the  New  F,iifil:in(f' 
[iriviitccrs,  wliich 
were  ]>iirticiiliU'ly 
(li'.«tnu'tivc  111  till' 
si'tlii'r.s  licrc  ill  the 
early  jiart   nl'   the 


Jeviiliit  11)11. 


it! 


site 


perfectly 
well  known.  It 
stooil  (111  the  ridjri' 
liarl<  of  I'oitlaiid, 
an<l  iis  name  is 
still  a|iplieil  tothe 


Map  Xo.  12.  Fkom  Cunnin(ii[.\m's  •  I'i,.\n 
OF  TUK  City  anm)  HAnnouit  ok  Sr. 
John,"  183.3  :   x  ■>. 


l)iaci 


piclure 


(in   Co 


of  it  made  in  1  7SI, 
is  extant  and  has 
lie.'ii      nnlilislle(l 
N.    H.   Ili.st.  Soc,  I,  ;;iL',  an.l  .\.  1!.  Mas;.  II,  MU. 


(-iround  plans  of  it  are  shown  on  the  aceompanyin^  maps  X< 

-■-■=—:     -11  and  4'2,  the  llrst  made  ])io 


^. 


'/o 


^.."^'-.f 


-^M- 
V 


/0r3.i>7 


J 


bably    hy    Robert    Morse    in 


I      1 7S4 
i 


to   a('('om];any  his 


'I! 


XyZ 


•  y-/-»-^      i      k?ioy,-n  Hepoit,  and  thesecond 


1.^-- 


'■^^I^i^raifii^;^  • 


{ 


■(\  from    the   ('iinninu;hani    map 

I  of  the    harbonr   of  ls;i">.     Its 

j  ])osition    in    rehition    to   the 

1  other  lorts  is  shown  on  map  Map  No.  11.    Fkom 

I  X,,.  ;;7.  A  "  Plan  oi' THK 

J  CriY    and    Har- 

C."Fort  Hughe?.    This     "'"'"   "f    S'^'^''" 

\     was  but  a  block-house,  built  ill      •T""^-"   l'^'-    ^^v 
i-oo      r*      -i     •         111  Honr.  MoRsi;  (?)  ; 

.:      l(Mt.      Its  site  IS  well  known  , 

i      locally,  and  i-  shown  on  the    .     ,/',  ■,„  . 

— ~— — — ~ ...^j ,.  ^,„ — _>  .  A.   I'ort  Howe. 

Map  Xo.  «.  Site  or  Fokt  aceompanyinK  map  Xo.  4;i,  q  j^^^^.^.  ij„„^^.. 
HUGIIKS.  From  OLD  plans;  copied  from  old  [ilans  in  the  p.  Xavy  l.slaiid. 
X  \.  Crown  Land  olllee.  G.  Fort   Frederick. 

3.    The,  Petit('odi<ic-Mi^sejuas:i  .Disiri''f. 

The  history  of  tho  sottlomcrits  of  this  pofiod  in  this  district,  though 
of  tho  very  greatest  interest  and  iniportanco,  has  not  yet  been  sufficiently 
treated.  Mr.  W.  C.  Milner  has  ]mbIisliod  newspaper  articles  upon  tho  sub- 
ject, and  there  is  a  small  pamphlet  hy  Charles  Dixon  treating  of  tho  York- 
shire settlers,  with  other  fugitive  newspaper  articles,  of  which  indeed  a 
great  number  have  appeared  in  the  columns  of  the  "Chignecto  Post." 
On  the  settlement  of  tho  Petitcodiac  I  know  of  nothing  published,  aside 

Sec.  II.,  1899.    22 


I 


I'll 

I 


\\ 


i 


} 


;^l|:: 


ii 


328 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


from  a  single  article  in  the  St.  John  Sun,  rofcrrcd  to  bolow.  It  is  astonish- 
ing that  so  important  and  interesting  a  field  has  remained  so  long  nearly 
un  worked. 

The  period  really  begins  for  this  district  with  the  capture  of  Fort 
JJeaa8(?jour  from  the  French  in  1755,  but  actual  settlement  did  not  begin 
until  the  Hhodo  Islanders  settled  on  the  Tantramar  in  ITGl.  In  1763 
some  families  of  Pennsylvania  (Jermans  settled  on  the  Shepodj'  and  Petit- 
codiac.  Especially  important  was  the  arrival,  in  1772,  of  several  families 
from  Yorkshire,  England,  who  settled  the  rich  lands  about  Amherst,  Fort 
Cumberland  and  Sackville,  forming  one  of  the  most  valuable  additions 
ever  made  to  the  population  of  this  Province.  This  region  was,  there- 
fore, fairly  well  settled  when  the  Loyalists  arrived,  and  in  consequence 
has  loss  of  the  Loyalist  element  than  any  other  important  part  of  New 
Brunswick. 

A.— Sackville.  According  to  Mr.  ]\Iilncr  (in  the  "  Cliignccto  Post,"  anniversary 
niiinber,  Sept.  189.")),  and  IFiiling  (The  Khodo  Lslaiid  Emigration  to  Nova 
Sc<jtia,  ISHO)  some  twcnty-Civi'  faiiilloH  from  Khodo  Lsliiiid  settled  here  in 
17()1.  Other  settlors  camo  later,  incliuiing  some  thirteen  members  of  a 
liaptist  church  from  Swansea,  'MasH.  Tlic  grant  of  Sackville  of  17G5  gives  a 
full  list  of  the  settlers,  and  its  later  liistory  is  traced  by  Mr.  Milner. 

B.— Cumberland  Township.  (For  location  see  map  No.  45).  Thi.s  included  the 
Fort  CiimlH-rland  and  Fort  Lawrence  Hidges,  and  here  the  Yorkshire  set- 
tlers who  arrived  in  1772,  and  later,  bought  land  which  their  descendants 
occupy  to  this  day. 

C. — Petitcodiac.  In  17()n  several  families  of  German  descent  from  Pennsylvania, 
ancest(jrs  of  the  leading  families  ol  Albert  County,  arrived  at  the  Petitcodiac, 
settled  on  the  site  of  Hillsborough  and  Surrey,  and  formed  the  begin- 
ning of  the  permanent  .settlement  of  that  region.  They  increa.sed  in  numbers 
and  appear  to  have  sent  a  branch  to  the  Shepody  river,  for,  as  is  said  locally, 
Germantown  Lake  and  the  stream  still  called  (ierman  Creek  must  have 
taken  their  origin  from  some  such  settlement.  But  the  whole  subject  of  the 
history  of  this  important  colony  has  not  been  written,  except  in  a  newspapi^r 
article  by  Judge  Botsford,  in  the  "  Chignecto  Post "  of  January  14,  1886.  It 
is  also  stated  that  there  were  three  log  houses  on  the  site  of  INIoncton  when 
the  Loyjilists  arrived  in  1783,  but  no  other  settlements  on  this  river  are 
positively  known.  Several  references  to  these  settlements  occur  in  Black's 
and  Alline's  Journals  of  1781  and  1782. 

No  settlement  of  this  period  is  known  to  me  on  the  Memramcook,  aside,  of 
course,  from  that  of  the  Acadians  who  were  permitted  to  settle  there  in  17()7. 
No  new  forts  were  built  in  this  district  in  this  period,  though  Fort 
Cumberland,  earlier  Beausif'iour,  was  garrisoned  through  most  of  the  period. 
After  it  was  captured  by  the  English  it  was  altered  somewhat,  and  improved 
by  the  erection  of  outworks,  a  special  magazine,  etc.  (Archives,  1884,  xlvil. ) 
With  its  surroundings,  it  is  shown  on  the  accompanying  map  No.  44,  which 
is  based  partly  upon  a  plan  in  the  Crown  Land  office,  and  partly  upon 
measurements  by  the  author.  The  trenches,  mortar  batt*»ry  sites,  outworks, 
etc.,  are  still  all  plainly  t:  be  seen,  as  shown  on  the  map. 

1  In  comparing  the  fort  on  this  niaii,  No.  44,  with  that  of  Beausijour,  on  map  No.  28,  the  corre- 
■poncling  positions  may  be  found  from  the  compass  lines. 


•  i  I     I    !>•> 


-rvr^ 


faASoxo] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NKW  BRUNSWICK 


329 


Jide,  of 

17(i7. 

Ii  Fort 

period. 

broved 

klvii.) 

Iwhich 

upon 

Ivorks, 


corre- 


-      \ 


330  R  J Y  A  L  sot"  I ET  Y  OV  CANADA 

Fort  ( i;isii(.'rcaM  was  ii'-imiiH'd  .Moiii-ktdi,  but  wan  sckui  aluiiuloncd.  In 
front  of  itH  f'iic  is  a  small  l)iirial-}iri(iiii(i  i  map  No,  .'I(l),  tiic  ohleMt  in  Niw 
lininHwii'k  cniitaiiiimr  mniiumt'iits,  ami  ui '^rcat  liistoric  iiiti'iest. 


Thi;  Richilnicto  Distrirt. 


In  all  llii.s  (li»triet,  IVoni  iJayo  Vorlo  to  Capo  i'lsciiniinac,  thoro  i-*  not 
a  Hiiii,'icsoltloMU'nt  of  this  period  known  to  ini'.  Thorc  woro  some  exlon- 
►sivo  /^M'ar.ts,  later  to  bo  roforivd  to,  but  tlicsc  woro  not  sottk'd.  Tlicro 
wiro  of  coiirso  Acadian  sottlonientH,  nlroady  mentioned. 

o.  The  Miraiin'chi.   Dintrict. 

No  liistory  of  tho  settlements  of  this  period  has  boon  attempted  be- 
yond the  references  in  Cooney,  but  in  any  ease  the}'  wore  not  inipoi'taiit. 
The  whole  Xortb  Shore  was  jfeo^raphieully  too  remote  to  be  all'eeted  Ity 
the  New  Mnijiand  immii^mtion,  and  it  appears  to  have  received  al)sohilely 
none  of  it,  and  such  settlement  as  it  diil  receive  canio  <liroct!y  from 
iMigland. 

In  ITfil  William  Davidson  and  John  ("ort  came  to  .Miramichi  from 
Scotland,  and  the  next  yearobtained  a  largo  grant  on  tliis  river,  and  with 
the  aid  of  a  few  otliers  who  camo  hitor,  of  whom  an  account,  j)robably 
accurate,  is  given  by  Cooney,  cai-ried  on  an  extcn.'^ive  salmon  fishery  and 
trade  with  tho  Indians.  Tiic  HlaUes  and  Murdochs  are  also  t^aid  to 
be  prc-Loyalist  settlers,  and  C.  oney  mentions  otheis,  some  of  wliom 
camo  from  St.  Johns,  now  Princo  Ivlward,  Ishind.  There  is  in  tho 
Public  Record  otlice  a  valuable  m.a])  (s;)0  Archives,  1805,  N.  B.,  3),  which 
shows  the  Miramichi  on  a  largo  scale,  with  the  exact  sites  of  tho  houses 
of  tho  settlors,  ap]iarently  uninlluonced  by  the  Loyalist  period,  and  this 
map  is  of  tho  greatest  value  for  the  local  historian  of  Miramichi.  Matter 
of  interest  in  this  connection  is  given  also  by  Jlaymond  in  his  "The 
North  Shore.'' 

0.  The  Xepisujnit    Di'strict. 

In  all  this  district,  asiib.  of  course  from  Acadian  settlers,  wo  know  of 
but  a  single  attempt  at  settlement,  that  of  Commodore  Walker,  of  which 
an  account  is  given  by  Coonoj-,  which  is  ap|)arontly  trustworthy.  Walker 
BQttlod  on  Bathurst  harbour  about  17CG,  at  Alston  Point,  whore  ho  had  an 
extensive  trading  establishment,  with  a  branch  at  Hc.>tigoucho.  lie  was 
ruined,  however,  by  the  attacks  of  American  privateers  during  tho  early 
part  of  tho  revolution,  and  later  returned  to  Kngland.  Tho  site  of  his 
establishment  is  well  known  and  is  shown  on  map  No.  35.'  There  are 
references  to  him  in  Archives  1804.  301,  304.'-     Tho  several  grants  of  this 

'  See  also  Kayniond,  Coll.  X.  B.  Hist.  Soc,  II.,  120. 

-  Cooney  says  he  had  a  residence  also  at  Youghall,  and  a  plan  of  the  harhour  of 
1784,  given  (with,  however,  several  additions  of  later  date)  in  Coll.  N,  B.  Hist.  Soc, 
II.,  120,  shows  housis  here  as  well  as  at  Alston  Point. 


■miiiigi 


idoTifd.     Ill 
lest  in  Ni'W 


horo  i-*  r"t 
omo  oxleii- 
ud.     Thoro 


J   B      i' 


cm p ted  liv- 
importiiut. 
alVoctod  by 
absolutely 

octly   fvom 

imichi  fVoiu 
.^r,  mid  with 
\t,  ])i-obulily 
fishery  and 
;ilso  fiiid    Id 
le  of   whom 
0   is   in    llio 
}.,  3),  whiili 
f  tho  houhos 
iod,  iind  this 
I'hi.     Miittor 
in  Ins  "  Tlio 


,  wo  know  of 
kcr,  of  wbieli 
,hy.  WaliuH- 
Di'o  ho  had  an 
eho.  IIo  was 
•ing  tho  early 
Hie  site  of  his 
).'  There  aio 
grants  of  this 

E  the  harbour  of 
N'.  B.  Hist.  Soc, 


^       ! 


•s    4 


■■■11 


I: 


A" 


intheLTialish  Fprrnd 

tiemcnts  aridTbrts  |6t>|  Grants 

5  ojTownsfiipb  and  Cfratirs  in  heavu  letters 

iwfj^//  Ita/ici  ffrmider/niai  arc  titinct 

Scale   cj  Vlile'o 


'T 


IBIiS^"  Bayc'.'ere, 


tavj  Ic-ttoTS 
litirict 


HO 


mb 


[gasoxg] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


331 


period  about  Bathurst  harbour  aro  later  to  be  montionoil.  In  1775  two 
men  named  Fry  and  Urqubart  were  carrying  on  a  fishery  at  Miscou 
(Archives  189-1,  331).  The  lake  at  the  northern  end  of  theisland  is  to-day 
called  Fry's  Lake  (Map  No.  34),  which  no  doubt  locates  his  residence. 


7.  The  Eestujouche  District. 

In  all  this  district  we  know  positively  of  but  two  settlements  belong- 
ing to  this  period.  One  of  these  was  the  establishment  maintained  by 
Walker  as  a  branch  of  that  on  IJathurst  harbour.  It  is  said  that 
Walker's  Brook  takes  its  name  from  him,  in  which  case  it  probably  marks 
the  site  of  this  trading  post,  though  its  site  is  locally  unknown.  Again, 
it  is  stated  in  a  document  of  1775  (Archives,  1894,  327,  320),  that  John 
Shoolbrcd  had  a  settlement  in  the  Bay  Chalours,  and  as  his  grant  in  1776 
covered  Walker's  Brook  and  Smith's  Island,  it  must  have  been  in  that 
vicinity.  A  document  of  this  year  speaks  of  his  having  carried  on  the 
salmon  fishery  for  many  years  at  Restigouche. 


2.    The  Township  and  Otiieu  Grants. 

No  list  of  the  land  grants  of  this  period  iu  New  Brunsv/ick,  import- 
ant though  they  are  to  our  history,  has  yet  been  published.  In  the 
following  list  I  have  given  all  that  are  found  recorded  in  the  Grant  Books 
at  the  Crown  Land  Office  in  Fredericton,  which  are  supjiosed  to  contain 
all  that  were  made  by  the  Nova  Scotia  Government  prior  to  1784  in  what  is 
now  New  Brunswick.  There  were,  however,  a  few  made  which  are  not  in 
the  Now  Brunswick  ivtA.'ds,  but  these,  when  known  to  me,  are  included, 
and  the  list  7ni'  .i  b>  .'niriy  complete.  As  one  comes  to  the  year  1734,  it 
becomes  di.liciilt  to  '.iKtinguish  those  belonging  to  this  period  from  some 
of  those  h  ^r  ..ing  to  the  Loyalist  period,  but  I  h.we  tried  to  separate 
them.  Oa  t'lO  n;,?"  (No.  45)  the  scale  is  so  smull  that  it  has  been 
impossible  to  I- iiow  at  all  .some  of  the  smaliiu  ■  ■«,  and  it  has  been 

necessary  to  ri  )ply  names  only  to  the  townshijis  anil  some  of  the  lai'ger 
grants,  and  for  the  remainder  to  iise  numbers  which  alwaj-s  correspond 
to  the  numbers  in  the  list  following.  In  cases  whore  small  grants  were 
made  in  town.ships,  such  as  MaugerviKe.  ihey  ar3  not  shown  on  the  map, 
though  they  stand  with  a  number  in  tie  list.  Of  coui-se,  the  boundaries 
of  most  of  the  townships,  etc.,  on  the  mii]>,  aro  only  approximate,  though 
I  think  they  aro  closely  so,  and  •wboru  thoy  afterwards  became  parish 
or  cou;>:y  boundaries  they  arr.  exact.  \^'l.ero  1  am  not  sure  of  boundaries, 
they  aro  given  in  dotted  li,)os.  Tin  abbre  rial  ion  tsr/i.  after  a  grant  in 
the  list  meatus  that  it  is  maWfcd  ''■/neatod  a  the  Grant  Book  at  Frederic- 
ton,  but  far  more  were  really  es/Ui-U'  <  tnan  are  thus  marked. 


'H; 


I   i-  ll 


\i 


I'  k 


Ma  I'  No.    I.").— Ma  I'  oi'  Ni;\v  Bhuns 


dto 


wma^ 


%- 


-'^. 


Cr 


<^''  ^  -:^ 


.v-^ 


iKliXPOL'TX:   rRf'Vlfclf.SOr 


---X  in  the  English  Per-.-d 

\  •»  Stttlenunts  and  Forts  [Vo]  (     ^jts 

j-  N'a»itb  ojTownsfupb  and  Qrantb  ;n  heavij  IcttcT, 

J  Names  in  Italics  art/ndtr/inai  arc  cttinct 


Na»itb  ojTownsfupb  ani  tfrantb  ;ri  heaviy  Id 
Names  in  Italics  or  under  lined  art  extinct 
Scaie  o/  7a/ lies 


H: 


l<f        At  ^'O 


Al'    01      Ni;\V    HhUNSWK  K    IN     rili:    ENCiLlSH    J'KHIOl). 


:.M*w 


•  1 


I    ij 


332  ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

/.   The  Passamaf/uoddjj  District, 

The  grants  of  this  period  are  fully  described  in  the  Courier  series 
and  merely  a  list  of  them  must  suffice  hero.  Their  locations  are  shown  on 
♦lie  accompanying  map  No.  45,  Particularly  valuable  for  their  location 
is  a  large  undated  map  of  Passamaquoddy  in  the  Crown  Land  Office  at 
Fredericton,  based  upon  Morris'  map  of  17G5.  Of  the  large  grants  only 
that  to  the  Owens  escaped  forfeiture  for  non-fulfilment  of  conditions, 
though  in  the  case  of  Deer  Island  a  later  grant  was  made  to  its 
purchaser. 

1.  To  Capt.  Sheriti  ■    ^nt.  (jainble,  at  the  Lodge  ;  kiiowi  only  by  a  reference 

111  '  lolier's  CJrant ;  size  and  dato  unknown.     Perhaps  only 
a  A       -ation. 

2.  1765 — Oct.  18.  I'erkins  (Indian)  Island  was  granted  with  other  lands  on  the 

St.  John  to  Thomas  Falconer  and  others  (i.  e.,  No.  23  below). 

3.  Oct.  .'>!.  To  Francis  Bernard  and  four  others,  100,000  acres  between  the 

Cobscook  and  Scoodic. 

4.  1767— March  2S.  .Tamos  Boyd;  1.000  a.  at  the  nioutli  of  the  Bocabec  (not 

Dickawasset  as  in  grant  book). 

5.  July  — .  To  John  Tiickor,  20,000  a.  on  Scoodic  River. 

6.  July  17.  Augustin  Oldliani,  10,000  a.  oast  of  the  Pigdognash.     (E.sch.) 

7.  Aug.  21.  John  ^lascarocn,  10,(KK)  a.  soutli  of  the  Magagnadavic.     Gave 

origin  to  the  present  name  of  the  locality.     (Esch.  1785.) 
S.  To  Thomas   Gambel.     S.    of   Mascaroen's    (Jrant,    at  Letito,  2,000  a. 

Known  only  from  an  old  map. 
9.  Aug.  21.  Edward  Crosby,  10,000  a.  nortli  of  tlie  Mascareen  Grant. 

10.  Aug.  21.  Joseph  William  Gorham,  10,000  a.  east  side  of  Scoodic,  near  its 

moutli. 

11.  Aug.  21.     Jo.  William  Gorham,  10,000  a.,  including  Oak  Bay. 

12.  ■  Aug.  21.  Josopli  tiorham,  Doer  Island  and  an  island  adjoining. 

i;?.  Sept.  30.   William  Owen  and  others,  Passamaquoddy  Outer  Island,  4,000 

a.  Named  by  them  Campobello.  This  grant  holds  good  to  this 
daj',  almost  the  only  one  in  this  list  which  does. 

14.  1771 — June  2().  WiUiam  Owon.    Three  small  islanils  northeast  of  Campobello. 

!•").  1774 — April.  Captain  Thomas  Farrol,  2,000  a.  at  mouth  of  Digdeguash. 

Lord  AVilliam  Campbell  applied  fur  a  reservation  of  Grand  ]\Ianan  in  1770, 

and  later  attempts  wore  made  by  his  heirs  to  secure  the  island.     (On  which  see 

Howe,  Coll.  N.  B.  Hist.  Soc.  I.,  -Mr,,  also  Archives,  1804,  2o:i.) 


3.  The  St.  John  District. 

No  com])leto  account  of  the  great  grants  of  this  period  on  the  St. 
John  has  yet  been  attempted,  though  there  are  many  references  to  the 
subject  in  local  writings.'  A  map  of  17(J5  by  Morris,  in  the  Public  Record 
Office,  gives  very  accurately  all  of  tho  Townships  granted  in  that 
year,  and  is  therefore  of  tho  greatest  importance  to  tho  present  subject. 

'  The  fullest  account  tliat  has  yet  appeared  is  by  Raymond,  in  New  Brunswick 
Magazine,  I.,  203,  and  III.,  219. 


[GA^o^•G] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  DRUNSWJCK 


333 


i 


The  complicated  history  of  the  Sinioruls  and  other  grants  on  the  east  sido 
of  the  mouth  of  the  St.  John  (i.e.,  20,  48,  ()5,  bolow)  is  traced  fidly,  with  map, 
by  Raymond  in  New  Brunswick  Magazine,  III.,  ].  120.  The  enormous  .*?izo 
of  some  of  the  grants  made  in  tliis  period  will  at  once  stviUe  the  attention. 
The  township  grants  were  made  mo?<tly  to  membei-s  of  the  "Canada 
Company,"  an  organization  of  some  68  ollicers  and  others,  who  took  up 
the  lands  chiefly  upon  speculation.  The  sites  of  these  grants,  as  far 
as  known,  are  shown  ujton  the  accompanying  map  No,  45,  and  as  completo 
a  list  as  I  have  been  able  to  make  of  them  is  as  follows . 

1<>.  1763 — Dec.  8.  AndrcwFerjjuson,  (iOOa.  atO.  Park  [Aucpac],  iucliidinK  Sandon 

[Halt's]  Island.     (Ai)[)aivntly  granted  laterto  the  Indian.^.) 
17.  Dec.  S.   Williaiii  I'lTjjiisJdii,  400;).  (no  other  rcfi'ivncc'),  X.  side  St.  .Inhn, 

fronting;  Siindiiii  [Halt's]  Id. 
IS.   1764— Dec.  1.").  Sir  Kolieit  Wiliiiot,  l,()(K)a.,  Lon-j  Ishmd,  and  tract  on  iiiaiii- 

liiiid(:!.s  below). 
Feb.  10.  Stuinpel,   2(),()(X)  a.   on   the   St.  Joint   (Archives,    1K1)4,  2(11.) 

T./ocati(iii  iiidsiiowii. 
li».  1765— Mar.  2.j.  AVm.  .lefi'ray  and  ii.s.'-;ociatc,  i.',(M)()  a.  at  Xatchoukchich  [Nash- 

waaksis]. 

20.  Oct.    2.  James  Sinjonds  and  2  othcr.«,  2,000  a.  on  St.  .lohn  River  and 

Harbour. 

21.  Oct.  I").   ISeainsley  Perl-iiis  (Jlasier,  ."lOOlla.  at  month  of  Xere])is  (later 

called  Glasier's  Manor)  ;  1000  a.  adjoijiing,  June  22,  17.S4. 

22.  Oct.  IS.  Thomas    Falconer  and  (iO  ,.thers,    100,000  a.  in  Gage  town  ; 

r)0,(K)()  a.  ill  Conway. 

23.  Oct.  JS.  Thomas  I'alcoiier  and  (iO  others  100, 140  a.  in  Burton  and  Per- 

kins [Indian]  Id.  in  Passainaiiuoddy. 

24.  Oct.  20.  ThomusOnse  and  associates,  2(),000a.  nii  Long  Reach.     Later 

called  Kemble  Manor. 
2.5.  Oct.  21.  Joshua  IVIangcr  and  others.       Maugerville  Township  and 

Manger's  Island.     In  177.'!,  several  other  grantees. 
20.  Oct.  .')1.  Thomas  lalconer  and  (io  others,  Sunbury  Township,  12.'"),000 

a,  exceiit  Augh-pack  and  St.  Ann';-  Point(incliiiling:>2  below). 
27.  Oct.  ;!l.  Isaac  Caton  and  James  Catoii,  2,000  a.  on  Long  Reach. 

25.  Oct.  .■!!.  James  Chadwell  and  (i4  others,  Towiisliii)  of  Maugerville, 

1110,(1(1(1  a. 
29.  Oct.  .'II.  .Mexaiider  Mat'Xutt  and  22 others.  Township  next  to  (dasier's, 

100,00(1  a.     Afterwards  called  the  Township  of  Amesbury 

or  Almeston. 
;')0.  Oct.  ;!1.   Waller  Stirling  and  i' others,  l(i,(Mi()  a.  on  Long  Reach.     (Xot 

esch.,  but  regranted.) 
III.  Oct.  .".1.  Alexander  MaeXult  and  others  ;    I00,(i(i0a.  on  the  Keswick, 

Township  of  Francfort  (also  called  ^MacXutt's). 

The  .Morris  map  of  17C-")  bus  the  following  grants  (shown  on  map 
No.  45),  not  mentioned  in  the  Grants  Hook  at  Frcdericton. 

;!2.  Oct.  .'>l.  Col.  Frederick  Ilaldimand  and  disbanded  olHcci-s,  2.-), 000  a.  near  the 
Xashwaak.     This  is  included  in  Xo.  2(1  above. 

'.'i.'l.  Oct,  IS,  Cal,  Frederick  Ilaldimand  antl  tlisbanded  ollicers,  2.'),(HX)  a.  on  the 
Xashwaak. 


.<  I 


'J   I 


i  1 


T:    1 


334 


ROYAl.  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


•,u. 


37. 

:{,s. 

40. 


41. 

42. 

4.'!. 

44. 

45. 
4(>. 
47. 
48. 
41t. 


Xos.  '.\2  and  .">;!  later  formed  Townslii])  of  New  Town  (on  tlio  map  misprinti'd 
Newton). 

:Miittlie\v  Clarkfon  and  otliei-s,  l()0,fK)0  a.,  a  Township  on  both  sides  of  Grand 
Lake.     Pro])ably  Ijiit  a  rei^erve,  never  granted. 

Township  reserved,  Dec.  24,  17(>4,  for  Major  Otho  Hamilton  and  others  ; 
](i(1,000  a.  between  Burton  and  Sunbury.  Never  granted. 
(Afterwards  inclnded  in  Burton.) 

Francis  ]SIorris,  1  ,OfK)  a.  just  below  Maugerville. 

Saml  ^lorris,  1,0()()  a.  just  below  the  preceding. 

Sir  Kobert  Wihiiot,  2.^0  a.  on  E.  bank  of  the  .'^t.  John,  opposite  Long  Island. 

Col.  Conyngham,  ■"),()(K)  a.  on  Long  Reach,  below  Devil's  Back. 

The  Indians,  oW)  a.  at  Aucpac,  including  the  island,  and  4  a.  at  St.  Ann's,  in- 
cluding site  of  the  chapel  and  burying  ground.  (Reserved 
17(>."i,  granted  1708.)    See  ](>  and  2(>  above. 

1767— Feb.     '    ("harles  IMorris,  Jr.,  10,mO  a.  S.  E.  of  Sunbury,  on  St.  John. 
Later  called  Morrisania. 
Feb.  2L  Tlezekiah  :Morris  and  others,  2,(M)  a.  S.  of  Maugerville. 
July   :i.   iA'fii'prd  Lockman,  ],0(X)  a.   on   N    W.  boundary  Sunbury. 

(i':ii-iii.  78.).) 

July  2.3.  Anliur  Goold,  .3000  a.  on  N.  E.  of  Burton.    Later  sometimes 

called  Gooldsborough. 
July  23.  Giles  Tidmai-sh,  1,000  a.  in  :\Iaugerville. 
Oct.    ',K  Jolm  Anderson,  1,000  a.  at  Nashwack  Creek. 
1769— Apr.  .").  J.  F.  AV.  DesF.arres,  2,000  a.  at  :Maugerville. 


1770— ^lay  1 .  James  Simonds.  2,000a.  E.  side  River  and  Harbour  of  St.  John. 
July  4.  Richard  Peabody  a7id  10  others,  3,250  a.  in  Maugerville.  In 
1773  there  were  other  grants  in  this  township  of  which  par- 
ticulars are  not  givi'U. 

50.  1773— July  17.  William  Spry,  !I20  a.  on  N.  E.  side  of  the  St.  John. 

51.  Sept.  27.  Benonie  Danks,  10,0(Hi  a.  W.  of  Quaco  lid. 

52.  1774— -Mar.  15.  A\'illiani  I'awlett,  3,000  a.  on  River  St.  John,  to  be  called 

Mount  Pawlett. 

53.  Apr.    2.  William  Spry,  .3000  a.  on  River  St.  John,  to  be  called  Spry- 

hampton. 

54.  Apr.  2.   James  Spry  Ileaton,   2,000  a.  on  River  St  John,  to  be  called 

Heatonvilie. 

55.  1779— Oct.     2S.  Stephen  Peabody,  500  a.  in  Maugerville. 

56.  Oct.     2S.  George  Hay  ward,  1,000  a.  in  Maugerville. 

57.  1780- Feb.     8.  William  Shaw,  2,000  a.  on  River  St.  John,  next  Spry's  Land. 

58.  1781— May     2.  Arthur  Goold,  Thatch'd  Island,  15  a. 

5l».  1782— Aug.    3.  William  Ilazen  and  three  others,  8,000  a.  on  Oromocto  River. 
(JO.  Aug.    15.  Gifred  Studholme  and  si.x  others,  0,500  a.  E.  of  Amesbury,  on 

tlie  Kennebecasis.     New  grant  5,000  a.,  "above  John  Hay's 

Land,"  June  10,  1784,  named  Studville. 
01.  Dec.  23.  Sir  Andrew  Snapc  llaniond,  10,000  a.  S.  of  Amesbury.     On 

Hammond  River. 
C2.  1783— June    7.  Lieut.  Col.  Wm.  Spry,  5,000  a.  on  Upper  Bound  of  Gagetown 

and  .'i.OOO  a.  in  (Sagetown. 
02a.  June  25.  Jolin  Hayes,  3,0(10  a.  on  Kennebecasis  R. 

03.  •    Aug.  13.  Sanuiol  Hughes,  ],00l)a.  on  N.  E.  side  River  St.  .John,  next 

below  Col.  Spry. 


[ganong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


338 


(14.   1783— Oct.      4.  Moses  I'ickard  and  five othei-s,2,(XK)  a.  ill  Maugorvillc. 

Co.  Oct.      4.  Lii'iit.  Willinin  Gravi-s,  L>,(H)()a.  E.  of  Fort  Howe.  (Kaymond 

•jives-  June  I'll,  17s4,  a.<  tlie  ilate  of  tliis  grant.) 
TiO.  1784 — July    (i.  Hon.  Hryan  Finucane,  .■^ugar  Id.,  "jilO  a. 
07.  Oct.    15.  Lewis  ^lercmv,  Bagwcet  Id.  (above  Sugar  Id). 

3.  The  Petitcodiac — Misseijiiash  District. 

The  grants  of'tliis  district  arc  very  difficult  to  trace  owing  to  many 
rcarranirements  and  rc-granl,s. 


°^  ^'  !*' 


(IS.  1737— :\Iay    4.  O'Neal,  LaValliere's  (Tongoa  Id.),  100  a. 
(ill.  1760— May  28.  Wincl<wortli  Tonge,  LaValliires  Id.,  80  a. 
"0.  May  28.  AVi  nek  worth  Tonge  and  ten  otiiers,  27.")  a.  S.  E.  of  Fort  Cum- 

berland. 

71.  1763— Sept.  17.  Wi]lian^^e^^t  and  .Fohn  Binbridge,  (iOOa.  in  Shepody.  (Partly 

ei-eh). 

72.  Noy.  22.  Jof^^•ph    Mors-e    and    (i")  others.     Cumberland  Township, 

.'^..^JOO  a.  (e!■tabli^^hed  in  17")7  with  somewhat  different  boun- 
daries). 
7.;.  1764— Feb.     4.  liichaid  (iibbons,  land  in  Cumberland. 

74.  1765— ]Mar.  15.  IClias    Burbridge  and  .Tanu's  Hardy,  ],.")0n  a.    at    Sliepody. 

(Partly  esch.) 

75.  May  1^^  Itichard  BulkeK'v.  2(i.O(io  a.  1-.  of  mouth  of  Meniramcook. 

(Esch.) 
70.  Sept.  24.  ^Iajor-(ieneral  Henry  Bouquet  and  four  others,  Hopewell 

Township,  100,000  a. 
77.  Oct.     5.  Joseph  Gorhani,  20,(100  a.  on  Petitcodiac. 

Joseph  (ioi'hani  and  othei-s,  10,000  a.  near  the  above.     (Esch. ) 
7S.  Oct.  15.  Kichard  AV right,  10,0(X)  a.  on  Petitcodiac  R. 

70.  Oct.  22.  Charles  I'roctor  and  live  others.  5,000  a.  near  Petitcodiac  R. 

80.  Oct.  ol.  Iiobert  Cunnnings  anil  four  others.     Hillsborough  Town- 

ship, 100,000  a. 

81.  Oct.  ;U.  MoncktonTown.ship  100,0(10  a. 

82.  1768— July    1.  Robert  .Scott,  2,000  a.  in  Saekville. 

8;;.  Nov.  22.  Winckworth  Tonge,  74  a.  near  1.  LaValliere. 

84,  1767— Jan.  1(1  Hibbert  Newton,  2.000  a.  in  Saekville. 
8.5.  Dec.    5.  Hannah  Newton,  500  a.  in  Saekville. 
8().  1771— June  (J.  John  Eagleson,  .5(X)  a.  in  Cumberland. 

87.  1772— Oct.    5.  Saekville  Township,  100,000  a. 

85.  Oct.  29.  Edward  Barron,  2.0(10  a.  in  l^ackville. 

8i).  1773— Jan.  25.  Sanuiel  Belew  and  lifty-nine  others,  25, .500  a.  in  .Saekville. 
W.  1774— July  22.  Jonathan  Gay  and  others,  7,750  a.  in  Ctnnberland. 

91.  July  22.  Heirs  of  Thomas  Barnes  and  thirty  others,  12,250  a.  in  Saek- 

ville. 

92.  1783— Sept.  (1.  Martin  Gay  and  eleven  others,  9,000  a.  in  Hillsborough. 

4-.    The  liichibiicto  District 

In  17G7  lands  were  assigned  to  twenty-four  Acadians  at  Cocagne  and 
Shcdiae  [Murdoch,  II.,  472],  though  apparently  the  .Shcdiac  lands  were 
granted  to  others  the  next  year. 


^        W      1                '  ;'l 

B ' 

'    ''■ 

If    ('■         "4 

w 

i   «f    m 


'i  1 


t  \ 


i 


336 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


yi!  ^  1768— Apr.  L'l*.  Jhh.  Williaius  and  I'mir  otluTH,  lanils  at  Sliediac  contignmis  to 

94.  )'  tlioso  i<raiitfi|  ( Ifuijie  Anthony  Tonya.     (Later  sold  to  \\m. 

I  laninfiti )n ) .     (  Tonyn't-  Tract  is  93,  apparently  granted  .Sept. 

;;(),  1707.) 

'J'").  1782— Sejjt,  .'JO,  (icorgi?  Knrns,  2,(Hiiia.  on  River  Cocagnc.  (Mentions  lands 
granted  here  to  John  Allen,  Lient.  of  ^fJirines. ) 

9ti.  1777— Mar.  4.  ^lariot  Arhnthnot,  Capt.  H.  N.,  and  two  other.*,  5,400  a.  on  S. 
side  of  River  I'ieliibueto. 

o.   'The  Jliramic/ii  District. 

97.  1765— Get.  24.  William  Htvidson  and  .Fohn  Cort.  Part  of  an  is-land  on  the 
K.  side  of  Miraniiehi.     (Archives  l.«i94,  20.^). 

97.  Oct.    ol.  "William  Davidson  and  .((ilm  Cort,  100,000  u.  on  the  Miramichi, 

starting  from  Ueanbear's  Id. 

6'.   'The  JS'episigiii't  District 

95.  1770— Nov.    2.  Capt.  .lohn  Allan,  2,000  a.  at  Xepisignit.    On  west  side  of  the 

harbour.    ( )n  old  plans  Fergnson's  Prdnt  is  called  Allan's 

Point. 
99.  1784— .Sept.  22.  Arthur  Goold,  2,000  a.  in  Xepisignit  liar.,  including  Goolds' 

(Indian )  hi.     (Included  site  of  P>athui-st,  which  on  old  plans 

is  called  (ioold's  Point.) 
99a.  Mar.  29.  Francis  Gionnest  and  thirty-three  others,  14,150  a.  at  Caracat. 

7.  The  Resti'jouche  District. 

9Sa.  1776— Feb.    17.  Lieut.  David  Contts,  2,000  a.  at  Crokey  (Jacqnet)  Eiver. 
I'Sb.  .Ian.    10.  Sir  Andrew  Hamontl,  .500  a.  opposite  Heron  Id. 

100.  :May    G.  John  Slioi ilbrt( I,  5,0011  a.  at  Walker's  Brook,  including  Smith'.s 

Island. 


v.— TIIK  LOYALIST  PERIOD. 

Of  all  of  tlio  jicriods  of  our  history  tlioro  is  none  which,  from  any  point 
of  view,  can  approach  tl)is  in  importance.  Yet  no  one  of  our  historian-s 
has  attempted  to  treat  it  as  a  unit  for  tiiis  province.  It  figures  promin- 
ently in  local  hi.storical  writings,  it  is  true,  and  Mr.  Eaymond  in 
I^articular  has  given  it  much  attention;  but  there  is  no  adequate  history 
of  it  yet  in  existence.  Mr.  Kannay  has  publisiied  in  the  St.  John 
2'eleijraph  a  "  Ili.story  of  the  Loyalists,"  but  it  is  a  liistorj'  of  the  part 
tlicy  took  in  the  IJovolution,  and  not  of  their  part  in  the  history  of  Xow 
Brunswick. 

It  is  in  this  paper  necessary  to  contino  ourselves  to  the  phases  of  it 
which  deal  with  locations,  and  of  these  there  is  but  one  of  importance, 
i.e.,  the  location  of  the  Loyalist  settlements,  particularly  of  the  disbanded 
regiments  and  other  associations.     This  particular  phase  of  the  subject  is 


n: 


[gano.vg] 


llISrORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


337 


also  often  voforivd  to  in  local  wriliiigs,  paiticularl}'  in  those  of  Hcv.  W, 
O.  Raj'mond,  wlioso  nowspaper  articlos  on  the  History  of  Caileton 
County  contain  tlio  fullest  account  of  it  for  the  St.  John  that  has  yet 
appeared.  For  Ciiavlotte  it  has  received  full  treatment  in  tho  "  Courier 
series." 

Wiien,  at  the  close  of  tho  Revohilion  in  1783,  it  hecamo  necessary  to 
find  new  homos  for  the  many  thousands  who  were  not  allowed  to  remain 
in  their  old  ones,  the  attention  of  tho  authorities  was  naturally  turned  to 
Nova  Scotia,  then  including  New  Hrunswick.  It  was  a  loyal  region,  ea-ily 
accessible  from  Now  York,  where  most  of  tho  Loyalists  were  congregated, 
and  one  with  a  great  abundance  of  good  lands  still  awaiting  settlement. 
At  this  time,  however,  while  comparatively  small  areas  were  occupied 
and  in  possession  of  genuine  settlers,  immense  tracts  were  locked  uj)  in 
tho  grants  of  which  we  have  already  given  an  account,  and  which, 
although  lying  nearly  or  quite  vacant,  and  already  forfeit  to  the  Crown, 
could  not  bo  regranted  until  legally  escheated,  a  ju-ocess  re(|uiring  con- 
siderable time.  Stejis  in  this  diroctiiiu  were  at  once  taken,  however,  and 
the  Loyalists  were  allowed  to  settle  on  the  lands;  and  lots  were  assigned 
to  them,  tho  grants  for  which  were  not  issued  in  many  cases  until  several 
years  after.  Inconsoquor.ee  of  the  immense  number  of  new  settlors  to 
be  locatcil  all  at  onco,  the  need  for  sceiuing  escheats  of  land  in  whole  or 
in  part,  and  the  necessity  for  reconciling  many  conflicting  interests 
among  tho  new  settlers  themselves,  the  local  authorities  found  themsolvos 
so  embarrassed  that  there  was  oftou  much  di'lay  in  assigning  locations, 
and  distress  on  thojiart  of  the  settlers;  ami  ditficulties  of  this  sort  had  no 
small  part  in  bringing  about  the  formation  of  the  new  province  of  New 
Brunswick,  It  is  no  part  of  our  present  subject  to  relate  further  the  very 
interesting  history-  of  the  locating  of  tho  lioyalict  settlers,  but  the  few 
facts  we  have  given  must  bo  kept  in  mind  in  viewing  the  many  curious 
features  and  occasional  anomalies  in  the  grants.  It  will  be  noticeil,  for 
example,  that  the  great  grants  in  Charlotte  largely  antedate  those  on 
the  St.  John,  and  man}-  of  the  Loyalist  associations  actually  had  their 
grants  issued  there  before  the  settlers  were  even  located  on  the  St.  John. 
This  was  no  doubt  in  part  due  to  the  fact  that  there  was  no  question 
about  the  escheat  of  most  of  the  proLoy.ilist  grants  in  Charlotte,  for, 
except  in  tho  case  of  t'ampol.ello  and  Deer  Island,  and  a  few  others  of 
loss  importance,  the  grantees  had  made  not  theslightest  ctfbrt  to  fulfil  tho 
conditions  of  the  grants;  while  on  the  St.  .lohn.  in  several  cases  at  least, 
some  such  attempt  had  been  made,  and  the  escheat  was  not  so  certain, 
In  the  case  of  the  Loyalist  regiments  and  large  associations  the  land  was 
usually  surveyed  and  divided  into  lots,  which  were  then  assigned  in  block 
to  the  Association  ;  the  men  drew  for  tho  separate  lots,  and  were  each 
given  a  location  ticket,  which  was  held  until  the  grant  was  issued.  This 
preliminary  location,  and  even  the  subsequent  grant,  by  no  moans,  how- 


; 


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338 


UOYAL  bOClK'lY  OF  CANADA 


over,  finally  locatotl  tlio  settlors.  Many  woro  (lissatisdod,  and  sold  or 
abandoned  their  lots,  and  often  coiisiderablo  areas  wei'e  tluis  abandoned 
altoi^etlier,  and  after  some  time  wore  rei^rantod.  It  often  happened,  too, 
that,  owing  to  the  abandonment  of  a  nuniiier  of  lots  in  a  large  grant,  there 
was  8)1110  redistribution  of  the  remainder,  and  addition  of  new  settlers, 
and  IV  new  grant  was  then  issued  for  the  tract,  with  ditlerent  boundaries. 
These  various  movements,  regranfs,  etc.,  make  it  very  difficult  to  trace 
out  the  early  locations  and  to  say  positive]}'  which  was  the  actual  location 
of  a  given  association,  ^[oreover,  as  to  the.se  block  grants,  while  some 
were  settled  by  disbanded  legiments,  such  as  the  King's  American 
Dragoons,  in  a  single  block  containing  onlj-  nieinbers  of  that  i)articular 
As-iociation,  in  other  ca.^^es  other  Loyalists  were  admitted  ;  in.  yot 
otl.ei's,  such  as  at  nam])sted,  disbanded  soldiers  and  civilians  from  the 
.'■aiiie  locality  settled  together,  Avhile  in  others  the  members  of  a  given 
ivgiment  became  distributed  through  ditVerent  settlements. 

Of  the  disbanded  regiments  and  other  associations  Iho  more  import- 
ant wei'o  as  follows:  In  Charlotte,  tiie  Royal  Fencible  Americans  settled 
on  the  Magaguadavic,  the  Seventy-fourth  Bif/hhuulersowiho  Digdoguash, 
the  Port  Matoon  Association  near  and  at  St.  SlO]dion,  the  Fenohscot 
Asiociation  at  several  points  near  the  St.  Croix,  the  Cape  Ann  Associa- 
tion in  what  is  now  St.  David,  and  the  Pennfield  Association  at  Beaver 
Hiirbour. 

On  the  St.  John,  the  Kimfs  American  Drayoons  settled  at  Prince 
William,  Deiancey's  Briijade  abos'o  them,  near  the  present  Woodstock, 
the  Kinj'i  American  Regiment  between  the  two,  the  Pennsylvania  Loyal- 
ists on  the  cast  bank  of  the  river  from  below  Woodstock  to  near 
Nacawicac,  the  JVew  Jersey  Volunteers  above  Frodcricton  at  Kings- 
clear,  the  Qiiee7i's  Rangers  in  Queensbnry,  the  Royal  Guides  and  Pio- 
neers above  the  Ke.iwick,  the  New  York  Volunteers  east  of  the  Kes- 
wick-, the  Prince  of  Wales  American  Regiment  between  Keswick  and 
Xashwaaksis,  the  Maryland  Loyalists  near  the  mouth  of  tho  Nashwaak, 
the  Forty  second  Highlanders  higher  up  the  Nashwaak,  and  the 
King's  Orange  Rangers  at  Quaco.  A  given  regiment  did  not  always 
luive  all  its  land  in  one  block,  but  often  in  two  or  more,  and  in  such 
cases  the  different  blocks  may  be  recognized  by  the  similar  number  on  tho 
accompanying  map  No.  46,  These  are  about  all  the  as.sociations  that  can 
1)0  traced,  though  many  other  Loyalist  Regiments  were  disbanded  in  New 
Brunswick,  as  shown  by  the  list  given  by  Mr.  Ilowe  in  tho  Archives 
Eeport  for  1883  (page  1 1)  ;  but  not  all  in  that  list  Avore  disbanded  in  New 
Brunswick,  but  sonio  in  Nova  Scotia  and  in  Prince  Edward  Island,  In 
addition  to  these  associations,  there  were  many  cases  in  which  largo  blocks 
were  granted  to  a  large  number  of  individuals  where  there  is  nothing 
to  show  why  thej'  were  associated  in  this  way,  and  of  course  there  were 
numerous  grants  to  single  individuals  and  to  groups  of  a  few.     On  the 


I 


[oAxoxa] 


HISTOUIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


339 


Rccompimyiiiij;  map,  Xo.  4'i,  tlio  upproximalo  locution  of  tlio  iirincipiil 
rogimi-'ntrt  is  shown,  togotlioi-  with  liu'ijfor  i^nmtH  to  dillV'ietit  i^roiips  of 
imliviliiiils.  This  lo(•!ltion:^  uro  often  only  approximate,  for  liioro  is 
no  map  in  oxistonco  which  sliows  them,  and  I  have  not  iioen  al)lo  to 
discntaiiLjIo  tlio  confuscil  thread  of  ^'rants  and  rcgranln  and  chani^o  of 
I  oundarirs,  hui  tho  ma|)  shows  the  <^cn oral  locations,  antl  in  ii  i^onoral 
way  show-s  accnrately  where  the  Loyalists  settled  in  Now  iJninswick. 

What  has  so   far   been  said  as  to   Loyalist  loeativ)iis  a|»])lies  almost 
solely  to  the  Pas-iamaquoddy  atul  St.  John  districts.     At  tho   head  of  tho 
Bay  of  Kiindy,  in  Sackvillo  and   Westmor'and   (formerly  Cumberland) 
Townships,  thoro  was  little  Loyalist  immigration,  but  in  Dorchestor  and 
on  the   I'etileodiac  there  was  .some,  though  it  was  insigniticant  as  com 
]iared  with  that  of  the  St.  John.     As  to  the   North  Shore,  it  may  be  said 
that  the  Loyalist  period  hardly  existed  there,  but  that  the  English  merged 
directly  into   the  Post-Loyalist   ])cii()d.     It    is  true   that  some    Loyalist 
families  wore  induced  to  settle  on  the  Miramichi,  and  scattered  settlers 
'located  themselves  at  other  points,  but  these  wore   mostly  the  I'osult  of 
expansion  of  the  more  ambitious  or  restless  from  tho  St.   John.     'I'luo 
Loyalist  giants  on  tho  North  Shore  can,  therefore,  bo  said  to  be  wanting. 
Since  tho  early  grants  are  so  closol}'  connectod  with  this  imj)orlant 
period   of  our  history',  and  no  list  of  them  exists,  I  have  given  in  tho 
following  list  all  of  the  Loyalist  grants  that  I  have  been  aijle  to  tind 
made  in  the  present  Province  of  New  Brunswiclc  by  tho  Nova  Scotia 
(.Tovornment.     Unt  after  tho   first  grant  issued  by  the  New   Urunswick 
Ciovernment  on  March  2,  1785,  I  liave  given  only  those  to  tho  greater 
associations,  made  from  178,5  to  1787.     An  accurate  map  and  complete 
list  of  these  Loyahst  grants  would  bo  of  very  groat  service  to  our  history. 
They  are  mostly  shown  in  outline  in  the  tine  178()   map  in  the  Public 
Eccord  office,  and  on  one  of  about  1781  in  tho  Crown  Lund  ollice. 


I 


<    :l 


1.   The  Passamaquoddy  District. 

The  grants  in  this  district  and  their  history  are  fi^i'-  .reatctl  in  tho 
Courier  series.  They  are  sliown  api)roximalcly  on  the  accompanying 
map  No.  4(J.  Tho  spelling  of  place  names  is  usually  that  of  the  original 
grants. 

1.  1734— Fi'l).  I'O,   IVler  (,'lincli,  700  a.  on  Musiiuiiquadavick. 
-.  -Mar.  L'!»,  hifuts.  Thunm.-'  Fitzsiinnions  and  Colin  .McXab,  l,(H)()a.  Kij;- 

deguash.     (E.-fch.) 

3.  -Mar. :.'!».  Colin  Campbell,  2,(M10  a.  at  Dii^degnash  on  Tassamaqnoddy. 

4.  .Mar.  i".t.  Cajit.  I'liilii)  Bailey  and  ."jS  others,  Royal  Fencible  Amer- 

icans, 10,  l.jOa.  on  ^lajiagnadavic. 

5.  -Mar.  2i).  Doctor  AVilliam  I'aine  and  1'.)  others,  o,.')00  a.  on  -Magajjuada- 

vic  Kiver,  Harbours  Letite  and  Lutang. 

6.  Mar.  liU.  John  Curry  and  42  otliens,  1.3,2.30  a.  on  the  Digdeguash. 


IS 

1 


340  ItOYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 

7.  1784— Apr,  24,  K<liiiiiiul  I'lu'lon,  l,(HHia.  (Hi  Miiv'itjriiadiivic. 

M.  .May  I;!.  [:'.(>]   I'atiick  ^McMaftcrs  and  Daiiifl  McMa>tcrs,  •J,(KH1  a.  on 

Ma).'a).'na(lavic, 
!).  .Inly  ;:i.  William  (iannnon  and  -t'J!)  ntlicrs,  l<>is  in  St.  Androws. 

10.  .\nj;.    ."..  Tlmniaf  Wyir  and  (>  diIicih,  l,.'),",4a.  on  Oak   I'oint  and  clsi- 

w  here  in  Cliarlottc. 

11.  \u)i.    .'!.  Sti'iilit-n  IJolM'vts  and  ISO  others  of  till' Penobscot  Assooia- 

tion,  l'.i,<KN)a.  in  Cliarlotf,  in  six  lots. 

r_'.  Sept.  I((.    John  Iinid)arand   111.')  oiIuts,   17!I^.  a.  varden  lots  al  Scoodic 

(St.  Stephen).    ( In  MorristowD.  j 

i;!.  Sept.  Id.  ('apt.  Neheniiah  Marks  and  iL'O  othei<,  Tort  Matoon  Asso- 
ciation, l!',S")(t  a.  on  the  Sc die. 

II.  Sept.  21.    I>n>iald  Thompson,  .'  lot  in  St.  .Vndrews. 

!■">.  Oft.     I.  William  Clark  and  L'-Jl!  otheis  of  the  Capo  Ana  Association, 

22,(;(M)a.  in  Charlotte. 

lli.  Oct.      I.  .loslnia  Watson  and  (1  others,  7,0(K)  a.  on  north  siile  of  Le  I'roc 

Hiver,  ahont  the  harhonr. 

17.  Oct.      I.  .Tiihii  Matthewson,  KM)  a.  on  the  AVaweiji. 

is.  Nov.    1.  .John  McT,eod  and  l.")0  others,  town  lots  of  St.  Georges,  Har- 

honr hetanir. 

All  u[)  to  this  jioiiit  are  Nova  Seolia  grant?,  and  tho  list  is  coin])loto. 
Following  arc  inado  by  New  IJriinswiek,  ;ind  are  hut  a  f^^w  ol'  llio  more 
iinportaiit. 

17u.  1790    Mar.  (i.  The  Seventy-fourth  Association,  on  the  I )i;idejrnash. 
17li.  Town  of  Belleview,  at  Iteaver  Ilarboiw,  to  tlu'Penn's Field 

settlers. 


1'.'. 
2(1 


24. 
2"). 
20. 


2!  I. 
30. 
31. 


2.  The  St.  John  District. 

1784— .\iir.  24.  I'eneloije  Winslow  and  Sarah  Winslow,  4Ut)  a.  in  Conway. 
May  24.  .TamoH  Peters,  3(10  a.  at  (4rimross  Head. 
.Inne  10.  David  Melville,  lot  mi  Parr  Town. 
June  10.  (iilfred  Stn<lholm  and  .">  others,  ."),(HI0  a.  above  John  Hays' 

land. 
Jnne  14.  Constant  Coinior,  700  a.  on  Oromocto. 
Jtuie22.  ]''rederiek  Hanser,  800  a.  in  (ia>.'etown. 
Juno  2").  William  Ilazen  and  James  White,  ll,(MK1a.  on  Kennebecasis 

Bay  near  Simonds  grant,  in  return  f(jr  lands  at  St.   John 

given  up  to  the  Loyalists. 
Jur.e2U.  John  Hoggs  and  7  others,  lots  in  Parr  Town. 
July    ().  Col.  l.waac  Allen  and  t»4  others,  14,0.")0  a.  eastward  of  Stud- 
holm's  grant  on  the  Kennebecasis. 
July    (>.  (iarret  Jacobus  and  37  others,  7,243  a.  on  S.E.  side  Wa-shedo- 

maek  Lake. 
Jidy    ('.  Lieut. -Col.  Gabriel  DeVeber  and  18  others,  4,<.00  a.  in  Conway 

on  Musquash  liiver. 
July    ('.  Heniy  Day  and  31  others,  5,(100  a.  on  X.E.  side  Kiver  St.  John 

atove  Helleisle. 


111 


a- 


[OAXOSO] 


llISTOIilC  SITES  IN  NEW  lUiUNSWICK 


841 


.'!-.  1784 — .Inly  (i.  Anihiusi-  Slu'iiniiiin,  "lUO  a.  mi  N,  bunk  Diniiidi'tij  Kivor,  and 

4(H)  u.  on  OcIkIht  !.">. 
;}.'{,  .Tilly  14.  Lawrcnci'  nnnkirk  and  (!•>  nthcrs,  lO.Mtltl  «.  in  (ia^'ctuwn. 

!34.  .Inly   14.  Ahijali  Walcrs  and   II  mlicrs,  7,(iin)».  on  1'.  hank  ni   Kenno- 

iH'caniM  May.     (liUtiT  ."urri'nilfi'i'd,  as  it  was  un  Ilaniciiid's 

land,  n<>l  then  I'sclicati'd.) 
;>■">.  .Inly  14.  Daniel  Fnki'.-i  and  •■>:!  ollin-.  Maryland  Loyalists,  l;i,7."H)a. 

ahuvc  .MaiipTvilli' nn  ilic  Na-liwaak. 
Hii,  .Inly  14.  Junu'H  (iaynur  and  2tl  (iilu'riJ,  4.">0!' a.  in  Kingston. 

;!".  .Tnly  14.  .lohn  Lijis  and  44  ollicis,  t),S(M)a.  on  (iiand  Hay. 

;is,  ,Inly  14.  Lifnt.-Cnl.  Isaac  .Mien  and  14.">  ntluTs,  New  Jersey  Volun- 

teers, .'!s,4."iO  a.  bt'liiw  lands  jriantcd  Major  Lnckman  on  S. 

side  Hiver.*-'!.  .lohn.     (Cancelled  in  Chanceiy,  17'.>'.)i. 
iWK  .Tnly  14.  AViiliani  Tynt'und  llil  otlieis.  L'l.sin'a.  in  Towu^liip  oi'  Kinjrs- 

slon,  "  heretofore  calli'il  Ahneslone." 

40.  Anjr.    ;>.  A.-^her  Coddinjttoii  mid  47  oihers,  7,<)(H)  a.  N'.W.  haidv  of  Lon^r 

Keach. 

41.  Ang.   .'!.  Sanmel  Denny  ."^t reel,  I.ihmi  u.  on  W.  side  of  Hiver  t<t.  Joim 

opposite  Middle  Island. 

42.  Anjf.   .">.  riiili])  .Tohn  Livinvrston,  ;!.'"Hi  a.  in  (iajretown. 

411.  Aug.    !».  Thomas  Tveonard  anil  !H»  others,  lots  in  I'arr  Town. 

44.  Aug.   •.».  Charles  Matthew  and  ■">  others,  lots  in  I'arrTown. 

4.'5.  Ann.  11.  Matthew  Mains  and  111.'  others,  1,1J0  a.  in  Conway  and  Carle- 

ton. 

4(>.  Ann.  11-  .lames  IVters,  i,(KHi  a.  on  IVscohack  Creek  ut  head  of  Helleisle. 

47.  Au^.  11.  Ilnmphrey  Hull  ami  141  oiliers,  27,7.')()a.  on  S.  bunk  Ilainond 

Hiver. 

45.  Ann.  11-   ^V"'-  Tynn,  :!()()  a.  in  ( iav'elown. 

4!).  Aug.  14.  Kev.  .lunios  Hayiv  ami  1,1n4  others,  lots  in  Parr  Town. 

50.  Sept.  3.  Joseph  Uedio  and  I'anl  Bedle,  4(X)  a.  on  S.  bank  Kennebec- 

asis  near  land  granted  (Jraham  Ilamond,  son  of  Sir  A.  .S. 
Ilainond. 

51.  Sept.   :5.  Daniel  Lyman  and  IS.S  otliers,  l.'i,.')OUa.  on  Nasliwaak,  above 

Maryland  Loyalists. 
62.  Sept.   ;J.  INIalachy  ()'L)nlin  and  11  otliers,  l,S0Oa.  f)ii  S.E.  side  Ix)ng 

Heacli. 
53.  Sept.    3.  William  Harding  and  7  others,  1,1(>0  a.  on  lielleisle  River  next 

IVters"  land. 

64.  Sept.   3.  Charles  Thomas  and  ■■>!  others,  S,4()()  a.  at  Wasbadenioac. 

65.  •  Sept.   3.  Richard  Walker  and  iL'  others,  l',4(K)  a,  at  Rt'd  Head  near  St. 

.John. 

56.  Sept.  3.  .Joshua  I  lardcastle  and  L'i'ot  hers  [^lary  Thomas  and. 30 others], 

5,(XX)a.  on  Rusiagoiiis. 

57.  Sept.   3.  Richard  Brown  and  ;i7  otiiers,   .'),400  a.  on  N.W.  bank  of 

Oromocto. 

58.  Sept.   (').  John  ^Innro,  4,000  a.  at  mouth  of  ^Nleductic  Creek  (i.e.,  Hayes 

Creek). 
69.  Sept.  If).  Bazil  Rorison,  .'wO  a.  on  X.E.  side  River  St.  John  below 

Kceles'  land. 
60.  Sept.  16.  Widow  Sarah  Smith  and  5  others,  N.  bank  Kennebecasi.s 

opposite  Long  Island. 


]\ 


fi 


^mmBaBmssmffSKlS 


342 


ROYAL  SOCIEIY  OF  CANADA 


fil.  1784— Sc])t.  ICi.  Saiiuu'l  Ihigli  and  7:!  otlu-is,  1I,7S4  a.  between  ^Mispec  and 
(iuaco. 

Si']it.  Ki.   \Villiani  Kint.',  .'!■')() a.  eiirlit  niili'^n])  AVas-hademoac,  X.W.  side. 

Si'pt.i'-'.  Ahraluun  Van  liiisUirk  and  7!tiitlier<  of  tl>e  Orange  Bangers, 
14,L'"i()  a.  at  tjuaco. 

Sept.  '22.  Antlinny  Ejibeit  and  2(1  ntlieis,  4,4(10  a.  in  C'onwa.v. 

Seiit. ■-'■'.  ('apt.  Sanuu'l  liallctand  sun,  1,1100  a.  o[)posite  Indian  Islam! 
helnw  .Aliizcnili's  lionse. 

Sept.  2l'.  Doctor  Nelieniiah  Clarke,  UOO  a.  next  below  llallet. 

Sept.  27.  Sainnel  llallet  and  Lieut.  Daniel  Ilalh't,  lot.s  in  I'arr  Town. 

Sept.  li".'.  Caleb  Jones,  lot  in  I'arr  Town. 

(H't.  1,  Il'irner  .lones  and  d")  otlicrs.  i.").oi«)  a.  on  S.K.  side  (band 
Lake, 

(»et.  1.  William  (iarden,  ."loOa,  X.K.  side  Itiver  St,  Jolin,  abnve  Dr. 
Me(  iibbin's  land. 

()et.     I.  Lieut.  Deter  .bibn  Siuylli,  t;  a.  at  St.  Aims  Point. 

Oct.  1.  Lieut.  David  ^leGibbon,  "'"jO  a.  above  ICecles'  land  I'U  the 
River  St.  .lolin. 

Oet.     ()., lames  Twaddle,  •")')  a.  at  <  b'iinross  Head. 

<)et.  ]■").  Lieut.  James  J'k-eles  and  I'.i  otiiers,  MO  a.  on  Cleonci.re  I.-iand 
[part  revoked  fur  non-improvement  17SS]. 

Oet.  15.  Capt.  William  Campbell  and  1")  others  of  Prince  of  Wa'es 
American  Regiment,  2,'.i.'!0  a.  X.I'I.  side  of  River  St.  .bihu 
next  to  Jaffray  )j:raiit. 

Oct.  \-'i.  Kobert  I'.rown  and  11'."  others  of  DeLancey's  2nd  Bat- 
talion, L'4.l")0  a,  W.  side  of  River  St.  John  from  above 
Meduxnakea;,'  to  two  miU's  ix'low  ^ledttctic  IslaniL  [T'he 
1st  Uattalion  settled  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  at  upper 
end  of  W  ;  :!rd  settled  mostly  in  Queens  and  Sunbury.] 

Oct.   To.  Mary  Sayre  and  S  others,  ."ii'Oa.  in  .Araugerville. 

Oet.    lo.  Joseph  (larnet  and  '\  others,  l.'.400  on  N'ashwaak, 

Oet.  15.  Lieut.  Richard  Mcdsinmin,  5'i()  a.  west  of  Oranjre  Ranjrers^ 
Quaco, 


62. 
63. 

04. 
65. 

66. 
67. 
68. 
69. 

70. 

71. 
72. 

73. 
7-1. 

75. 


76. 


u , 
78. 
79. 


All  of  the  prceodiiii^  grant.s  wore  made  by  Xova  Seotia,  and  the  list 
is  intondcd  to  bo  oomplote.  The  tinst  Xow  liruiiswielc  grant  was  mailo 
^favch  2,  1785.  Following  are  tho  principal  grants  made  to  di.sbanded 
rcniuonts  and  largo  associations  between  ITSii  and  1800  : 

so.  1788— Jan.  -7.  Deujamin  r>unnell  and  (iO  others,  '.i,L'SO  a.  on  L)n<.'  Reai'li  and 
Cb'and  liay. 

81,  Jan.  27.  John  Stevens  and  52  others,  il.l'.Sl'  a.  Milkish  Creek  and  Keii- 

nebecasis  Bay  and  ( irand  Day. 

82,  ,Ian.  31.  Augustin  White  and  17  Acadians,  2,(i()o  a.  between  Madam- 

keswick  and  Nashwalksis. 

83,  Mav    2.  TIarman  Lutkins  and21  others,  2,52S  a.  above  I'rince  William. 

84,  Mav  12.  Henry  Dettner  and  .'!((  others,  1,474  a.  Long  Island,   Keinie- 

beciisis. 
y,r^.  May  12.  Jonathan  Ilawxhurst  and  0  others,  2,000  a.  on  (irand  Lake. 

Soa.  June    7.  Christopher  Carter  and  17  others,  4,000  a.  on  \Vashademoac. 

85b.  May  12.  William  Caldwell  and  10  others,  2,S40  ft.  on  WasliadenKPac. 


lllMIMn 


1 


tCANONG] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


343 


SO.  1786— ^lay  19.  William  Ilazen  and  17  otliery,  ],0()5  a.  on  Griniross  Neck. 


87 


ist 

ado 

Uled 


Xt'U- 

'u\m. 
niH'- 

|)IU'. 

III'. 


^lay  19.  Francis  Ilorsnian  and  54  others,  King's  American  Dra- 
goons, 10,97o  a.  Prince  AVilliani,  above  Isaac  Allen. 

June   3.  John  Ciinliffe  and  7  others,  2,7()0  a.  on  Narfiiiewickack  Creek. 

June   3.  Samuel  Dowling  and  ()9  others,  14,lo()  a.  on  Maquapitand 
Cirand  Lakes. 

June  I).  Cornelius  Dalley  and  57  others,   10,200  a.  on  N.W.  side  'of 
Gi'aml  Lake. 

June  23.  John  Fournie  and  42  otliers,  10,4H0  a.  Salmon  River, '  Kcnne- 
becasis. 

Sept.    8.  Jabez  Cable  and  25  others,  5,108  a.  on  S.E.  side  (irand  Lake. 

Sept.  22.  Cornelius  Nice  and  12i)  others,  17,330  a.  on  Belleisle^Hay. 
)4.  1787.  Jan.  30.  Conrad  Stinick  ami  53  others,  5,308  a.  in  Rin-ton. 

Jan.  30.  John  Althouse   and  78   others.   New  York  Volunteers, 
18,117  a.  about  Keswick  and  in  Queensbury. 

Jan.  30.  James  Brown  and  0(5  others,  Queen's  Bangers,  17, 074  a.  in 
Queensbiu'v,  York . 

Juno  8.  Dugald  Campbell  and  111  others,  42nd  Hegiment,  1  l,,'!4:ra. 
on  Nash.waak. 

Nov.    9.  Boyal  Guides  and  Pioneers,  at  Crocks  Point  and  [Pur- 
ge >ynes  Ferry. 

Aug.  17.  William  Burns  and  others  of  the  Pennsylvania  Loyalists. 

Aug.  17.  King's  American  Regiment,  at  Eel  River. 
Isaac  Allen  and  otluirs,  at  ^factaquac. 

The  Acadians  at  Madawaska  received  a  license  of  occupation'for 
their  lands  in  1787  and  a  grant  in  1790. 

3.   The  Petitcodiac-Misseguash  District. 

101.  1784    Oct.     1.  Isaac  Deschamps,  1,000  a.  Cape  Quiddy  Harbour  and  Quiddv 

River. 

102.  Oct.     1 .  John  Cox,  1,000  a.  at  entrance  of  River  Quiddy. 

103.  Oct.     1 .  John  Davenport  Cox  and  0  others,  2,0(X)  a.  at  mouth  nf  .<almon 

Brook. 
These  are  Nova  grants  ;  those  by  New  Brunswick  are  as  follows  : 

104.  1786.  ]Mar.  10.  .Tosiah  Smith  and  Wm.  Freeman,  17  a.  near  Fort  Cmiiberland. 

105.  Oct,  10.  John  Ricliards(jn  and  10  others,  4,545  a.  on  E.  sitlc  Memram- 

cook  Hiver. 

106.  Oct.   10.  tlohn  ^herwood  and  19  others,  5,21.3  a.  on  E.  side  .Menn-am- 

cook  River. 

107.  Oct.  10.  Simon  White  and  2()  others,  (1,848  a.  on  E.  side  Menu-amcook. 

Theije  appear  to  bo  the  only  grants  made  in   this  region  by  Now 
Brunswick  up  to  the  end  of  178(J. 


88. 
89. 

00. 

91. 

92. 

93. 
94. 
96. 

96. 

97. 

98. 

99. 
97.' 
100.  1799 


4- 


The  Richibucto  District. 


There  avci-o  no  proper  Loyalist  grants  in  this  district,   though  a 
Loyalist,  Mr.  Powell,  settled  on  the  Richibucto  in  1787. 

1  Tho  number  '.i7  is  accidentally  duplicatod  iu  tlie  list. 

Seo.  II.,  1809.    23. 


s     ;!v 


i 


'^••^•^■■ft'nplSFfiEuCTBHK  " 


S44 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


5.   The  Miratnichi  District. 

108.  1786.  Apr.  15.  Benj.  Marston  and  John  51.  Lesdernier,  640  a.  on  Mirauiiclii 

River. 

109.  June   7.  William  Davidson,  14,540  a.,  in  five  tracts,  on  the  Miramichi 

River. 

110.  July  10.  Widow  Catherine  Henderson  and  7  others,  1,550  a,  on  Mira- 

miclii  River. 

111.  Oct.  10.  Jas.  Roy  and  4  others,  790  a.  on  N.  side  Miramichi  River. 

As  already  explained,  these  grants,  though  in  tl     xjoyalist  Period, 
aid  hardly  on  the  samo  basis  as  the  true  Loyalist  grants  on  the  St.  John. 


6.  The  Nepisiguit  District. 

There  were  no  Loyalist  grants  in  this  district.  On  February  6th, 
1787,  license  was  granted  sixteen  Acadians  to  occupy  lands  at  Caraquot, 
and  on  April  25,  1787,  there  were  granted  2,757  acres  to  Joseph  Landrie 
and  twelve  othei-s  at  Cai'aquet. 


7.    The  Bestigouche  District. 

There  were  no  Loyalist  grants  in  this  district,  and  i.s  modern  history 
began  with  the  ai-rival  of  immigi-ants  from  Scotland  about  1787. 

2.  The  Loyalist  Boundauies. 

The  subject  of  tho  evolution  of  New  Brunswick  boundaries,  inter- 
national, interprovincial,  county  and  jmrish,  is  a  subject  of  the  greatest 
interest  to  our  history,  and  one  of  no  small  complexity  and  difficulty.'  I 
propose  to  treat  it  in  the  next  memoir  of  this  seiies,  and  will  here  content 
myself  with  a  brief  reference  to  the  causes  of  the  location  of  the  boundary 
I'nes  established  by  tho  Loj-alists,  especially  the  county  linos.  The  accom- 
panying map  No.  46  will  show  the  positions  of  these  lines  as  established 
by  a  law  of  178G,  together  with  the  new  position  of  the  western  line  of 
Westmorland,  established  the  next  year.  It  is  plain  that  the  main  principle 
used  in  establishing  the  county  lines  was  that  of  making  the  counties 
centre  around  the  places  of  most  abundant  settlement,  which  in  early  New 
Brunswick  were  always  the  rivers.  This  necessitated  running  the  county 
lines  in  a  general  way  along  the  water-sheds  between  tho  principal  rivers. 
Thus  Oharlotte  was  made  to  include  the  settlements  about  Passarfiaquoddy , 
and  hence  its  boundaries  wore  made  to  run  in  the  wilderness  as  they  do. 
Westmorland  was  established  to  include  the  settlements  around  the  Petit- 
codiac  and  Mlsseguash  system  of  rivers,  and  Northumberland  to  include 

1  Avery  brief  synopsis  of  the  whole  subject  may  be  found  in  the  Educational 
Review  Supplementary  Readings  (St.  John,  N,  B.)  No.  5,  and  in  Bulletin  of  the 
Natural  History  Society  of  New  Brunswick,  No.  xviii. 


m 


1 


^fe 


,:i---> 


v^y 


r     ! 


m 


?  I 


Mm-  No.  4(1. — Mm*  oi-  .\i:\v   liKiNswicK  i: 


fife 


^  '<  y     c  h  a 


Dobi  (If 


4 


a 


in  the  Loualist  Period 

lit  Grants 


I  mil  7  "   ^^       1    L    I    lUU. 

SS  Lo^a/iit  Qrants 

CJPre-Loi/nlist  Q^mrvh  exfant  m  i735- 


■/7^5 


NkW     IllUNSWIlK    IN    TlfK    LoYALlST    PeUIOI). 


5ca/e  o/Miie^ 
"t       7^       i;:      Ti       '^o         Q^g 


Hi 


[qasonq] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


343 


the  Miramiohi  and  other  North  Shore  settlements.  Along  the  St.  John 
camo  another  region  too  large  for  a  single  county,  and  it  was  subdivided 
on  the  principle  of  making  the  county  lines  cross  it  at  right  angles, 
and,  OAving  to  the  great  curve  made  by  the  river,  a  series  of  counties 
was  made  to  radiate  from  Charlotte.  Precisely  the  same  principle  con- 
trolled the  formation  of  the  later  counties.  Kent  was  established  to 
include  the  settlements  of  which  Eichibucto  is  the  centre,  Gloucester  for 
those  centering  at  Nopisiguit,  and  Restigouehe  for  those  about  that  river, 
while  Northumberland  was  left  to  include  those  of  the  Miramichi.  The 
later  lines  separating  Carleton,  Victoria  and  Madawaska,  like  those  lower 
on  the  river,  run  at  right  angk-s  across  it.  The  line  between  Westmor- 
land and  Albert  is  the  only  exception  to  the  general  rule.  It  is  a  principle 
everywhere  recognized  in  civilized  countries  that  boundaries  of  small 
divisions  should  run  not  through  settlements  but  along  uninhabited  water- 
sheds, so  that  the  people  of  the  same  or  contiguous  settlements  shall 
belong  to  the  same  political  division.  In  the  early  daj^s  of  the  province, 
when  all  travel  was  by  water,  the  perfectly  natural,  and  indeed  only 
feasible  plan,  for  county  formation  was  this  of  centering  the  counties 
about  the  inhabited  places  and  making  the  lines  between  them  run  in 
uninhabited  water  sheds,  and  even  to  this  day  that  is  certainly  the  most 
convenient  plan.  It  is  necessary  that  the  shire-town  shall  be  readily 
accessible  from  all  parts  of  the  country,  and  this  is  much  more  the  case 
in  an  arrangement  like  the  present  than  it  would  be  if  our  rivei-s  had 
been  made  the  county  boundaries,  as  would  at  first  sight  seem  to  be  the 
more  natural  method.  It  is  easier  to  cross  a  river  to  reach  one's  shire- 
town  than  to  cross  an  uninhabited  and  wilderness  water-shed  to  reach  it, 
as  would  be  necessary  to  much  of  the  population  if  the  rivers  had  been 
made  the  boundaries.  With  these  facts  in  mind,  we  cannot  but  admire 
the  wisdom  with  which  Governor  Carleton  and  bis  council  laid  out  the 
Loyalist  Province  into  counties,  and  that  wisdom  has  been  justified  by  the 
fact  that  subsequent  legislators  have  had  to  make  but  slight  changes  in 
the  original  arrangement,  and  have  ever  since  followed  the  same  principle 
when  the  establishment  of  new  counties  became  necessary. 

As  to  the  parish  lines,  many  of  those  were  adopted  naturally  from 
the  township  boundaries  of  the  preceding  period  ;  others  were  deter- 
mined by  the  boundaries  of  some  of  the  greater  grants,  while  yet  others 
depended  upon  topographical  conditions. 

VI.  THE  POST-LOYALIST  PERIOD. 

It  is  not  easy  to  draw  a  line  between  the  Loyalist  Period  and  that 
which  followed  it,  for  the  one  merged  almost  without  break  into  the 
other.  We  may  distinguish  a  period  of  settlement  and  adjustment  of  the 
Loyalist  immigrants,  lasting  perhaps  until  about  ^QO,  or  somewhat  later, 


1  'i. 


^ 


i  f 


i 


't    !i 


346 


ROY.AL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


followed  by  a  poriocl  of  expansion  of  the  Loyalist  settlements  and  forma- 
tion of  new  ones  by  the  more  restless  or  more  enterprising  settlers,  which 
lasted  until  about  1819,  when  extensive  immigration  from  the  Old  World 
began,  introdueing  a  new  division  of  the  period  whieh  lasted  until  Con- 
federation. 

In  the  Post-Loyalist  period  there  is  but  little  of  importance  to  our 
present  subject,  and  I  shall  speak  only  of  three  matters — the  later  forts 
and  military  posts,  the  post-houses  on  the  route  from  St.  John  to  Quebec, 
and  the  semaphore  telegraph  line  fi-om  Nova  Scotia  to  Frederrcton. 


A.  Blockhouses,  etc. 

In  1791  Governor  Carleton  established  two  military  posts  on  the 
Upper  St.  John.  (Ai-chives,  1895,  N.  B,,  2(5,  2,S.)  One  of  these  was  at 
Grand  Falls,  where  it  stood  on  the  west  side  near  the  falls,  on  a  site  still 
locally  well  known.  The  other  was  at  the  mouth  of  the  Prcsqu'ile.  its 
site  is  still  well  known  as  the  "Garrison  Land."  It  stood  on  a  higbinnd 
on  the  south  bank  of  the  Prcsqu'ile  close  to  the  St.  John. 

After  1800,  and  especially  in  connection  with  the  war  of  1812,  several 
defence  works  were  constructed  in  the  province,  notably  the  Martello 
tower  still  standing  at- Carleton  and  several  block-houses.  A  list  of  these 
is  given  in  a  MS.  Report  of  all  the  Barracks,  etc  ,  in  New  Brunswick  in 
1825  (now  in  possession  of  Mr.  Wm.  Muriloch,  of  St.  John).  The  loca- 
tion of  those  about  St.  John  is  fixed  for  us  by  the  very  detailed  MS.  Field- 
book  of  1848,  by  Kelehcr,  now  in  the  Crown  Land  OtHce.  They  were  as 
follows  :  The  Johnston  block-house,  built  1808,  stojd  on  Wentworth  street 
between  Leinster  and  King  ;  the  Dorchester  block-house,  built  1807,  stood 
on  the  military  land  at  the  extreme  south  of  the  city  ;  another  of  these, 
as  shown  by  old  plans  (as  Cunningham's  plan  of  the  harbour,  1835), 
stood  to  the  northwest  and  near  the  Martello  tower,  and  was  called  Fort 
Drummond,  or  the  Drummond  Block-house,  built  1813.  Another  stood 
a  short  distance  northeast  of  Fort  Howe  (Map  No.  ■42).  There  was  also 
a  blockhouse  and  battery  on  Partridge  Island.  The  location,  form,  etc., 
of  all  the  batteries  about  St.  John  mentioned  in  the  1825  Eeport  can  bo 
fixed  exactly  by  the  Kelehcr  Field-book.  The  battery  and  blockhouse 
below  Spoon  Island,  referred  to  in  this  paper  (page  275),  was  built  in 
1813,  though  it  is  very  difficult  to  account  for  its  local  name  of  the 
"  Old  French  Fort,"  unless  some  earlier  work  stood  upon  the  same  site. 

At  this  time  St.  Andrews  was  an  exposed  and  important  place,  and 
Fort  Tipperary  was  garrisoned,  and  later  much  improved,  in  a  command- 
ing situation  back  of  the  town,  where  its  ruins  are  now  perfectly  dis- 
tinct and  well  known.  In  1813  also  the  three  block-houses,  with  batteries, 
were  built  at  St.  Andrews  (though  locally  they  ai'C  said  to  have  been  built 
earlier),  as   is  shown  beyond  question    by   the   Report    of   1825.     One, 


iJl 


[oaxong] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


347 


stood  at  Joos  Point ;  ono  (still  standing)  was  at  the  upper  end  of 
the  town  close  to  tlio  shoiH),  and  another  stood  just  behind  the  present 
lighthouse. 

Another  series  of  block-houses  built  at  this  time  wore  those  along  the 
main  road  from  Fredoricton  to  St.  Andrews.  These  are  clearly  shown  on 
Jiunnor's  map  of  1820  and  some  others.  They  are  said  locally,  and  pro- 
bably correcth',  to  have  been  designed  to  intercept  deserters  making  their 
way  from  the  garri«jn  at  Fredoricton  towards  the  United  States.  One  of 
them  stood  on  the  east  bank  of  the  Magaguadavic,  at  the  end  of  the 
bridge  on  the  main  road.  It  was  on  a  little  hill  exactly  at  the  end  of 
the  bridge,  and  its  cellar  is  still  to  bo  scon 
and  the  site  is  well  known  locally.  An- 
other stood  near  Fredoricton  Junction.  At 
this  place,  however,  two  sites  of  block- 
houses are  known,  as  shown  on  the  accom- 
panying Map  1^0.  47,  though  in  neither 
case  can  any  remains  bo  soon."  It  is  alto- 
gether likely  that  ono  of  them,  that  on 
the  north  side  of  the  river,  was  built  in 
1785,  on  the  recommendation  of  fJovernor 
Carloton,  who  in  that  year  re'<.ii mended 
the  building  of  a  barracks  sufticiont  for  a 
battalion,  near  the  falls  of  the  Oromocto 
(Archives,  1895,  N.  B.,  4).  The  other, 
south  of  the  river,  said  to  have  stood  about 
where  Mr.  John  Seoly's  house  now  is,  is 
clearly  that  shown  on  Bonnor's  map  of 
1820.  though  incorrectly,  for  the  topography  of  his  map  is  bore  very 
erroneous.  It  was  built  in  1813,  as  shown  by  the  Report  of  1825.  Bon- 
nor's map  would  imply  that  it  stood  in  the  angle  between  Back  Creek 
and  the  south  branch  of  the  Oromocto,  but  nothing  is  known  locally  of 
the  occurrence  of  a  block-house  there,  as  I  have  found  by  personal 
inquiry,  and,  moreover,  the  old  road  to  St.  Andrews  did  not  go  that  way 
at  all.  It  is,  however,  correctly  shown  on  Lockwood  of  1826.  The  site 
ai^signed  on  the  Map  No.  47  places  it  at  the  junction  of  the  two  roads 
from  Fredoricton  and  Oromocto  to  form  the  single  old  road  (now  aban- 
doned) to  St.  Andrews. 

The  old  block-house  at  Edmundston  belongs  much  later.  It  was 
built  in  1841,  in  connection  with  tho  "Aroostook  War."  Its  site  is  well 
known  locally,  and  its  cellar  can  be  seen  on  the  rocky  hill  just  south  of 
tho  mouth  of  tho  Madawaska. 

Fort  Dufforin,  at  St.  John,  was  built  in  recent  years.  I  have  no 
evidence  that  any  earlier  defence  work  stood  on  that  site,  though  ono 
would  expect  something  of  that  sort  from  its  position  (sec  page  277). 


Map  No.  47.— Srncs  of  Block- 

HOUSES    NEAK     FREDEniCTON 
J  UNCTION. 


I  I 


'  As  I  am  informed  by  a  resident,  to  whom  I  am  also  indebted  for  tlie  map. 


348 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


I>.  The  PiisT  RdUTE  to  (JiKnEo. 

fn  ilie  early  days  of  tlio  province  tlio  St.  John  Itivor  valley  formed 
tlu)  natural  route  from  Nova  Seoliii  to  (Juehec,  i)arliciilurly  in  winter, 
wlieii  I  lie  soa  route  was  closetl  by  ice.  For  the  accommodation  of  the 
mail-carriers,  anil  travellers  as  \v»<ll,  the  Kritish  Government  early  estab- 
lislied  a  series  of  post-houses,  in  chaVLfO  of  disbanded  soliliers,  at  con- 
vein'ent  di>tanees  from  Fredericton  up  the  ris-er  to  the  Madavvaska.  up 
that  river  to  Temiseonata,  and  thence  to  Riviisro  du  Loup,  from  which 
the  route  ran  along  the  St.  Lawrence  to  (Quebec.  These  post  houses  are 
marked  upon  several  maps  of  the  hist  century,  ])articularly  on  the  Peachy 
map  reproduced  in  tlio  ])roceding  mem(»ir(p.  Si'H)  of  this  scries.  Astherc 
shown,  these  houses  stood  about  as  follows  : 


I.  .Fust  al)n\c  Tjiii^s  Civek. 


,lu>l 


the  Nacawicac. 


Xcar  Vuvt  Mt'ductii 


4.  .Tiist 


IllluVt' 


the  1 


ii'ca' 


.").  .Tii.<i  ahuve  the  ^ruiKiuart. 
(i.  Just  above  T()l)i(iiR'. 
7.  .Inst  aliiive  AnidstnoU. 


S.  At  (iiand  Falls. 
!'.  About  at  Sit'jras. 

10.  Jusl  below  mouth  nf  the  ]NFadawnska 

11.  Half  way  up  Madawaska  on  cast  .-ide. 

12.  (Mulct  of  Tciuisc(»iiata,  east  side, 
l.'i.  At  Fort  lajralls,  Tciniscouata. 


There  were  perhaps  also  othcvs,  ov  else  possibly  tlicy  were  not  placed 
as  tlio  maps  show,  for  at  Salmon  River,  above  Tobiquo,  it  is  said,  a  post- 
house,  kejit  by  a  Captain  Whitehead,  stood  just  below  the  mouth  of  the 
river  on  the  edge  of  the  intervale,  now  washed  away,  and  another  is  said 
to  have  stood  opposite  Andover.  I  have  not  tried  to  locate  those  houses 
exactly,  but  it  couM  doubtless  easily  bo  done. 


C.  The  Sem.vimiore  Telegraph  Line  from  Halifax  to  Fredericton-. 

About  1704  '  it  was  decided  by  IL  K.  IL  the  Duke  of  Kent  to  establish 
a  semaphore  telegraph  line  from  Halifax  to  Fredericton,  a  system  worked 
by  signalling  from  hill  to  hill.  Though  apparently  never  fullj-  cairicd 
out,  something  was  done  in  this  direction,  and  several  "Telegraph  Hills" 
mark  the  stations  to-day.  The  line  crossed  from  Nova  Scotia  at  Chig- 
nccto  to  just  west  of  Martins  Head,  where  Telegraph  Brook  still  mai'ks 
the  place.  A  plan  of  1807  in  the  Crown  Laud  OtHce  has  this  inscription 
on  the  hill  west  of  the  brook,  "Telegraph  Station  formerly  proposed." 
"Some  trees  were  felled  on  this  lot,  by  order  of  H.  II.  H.  of  Kent,  to 
attempt  a  telegraph  station  to  communicate  with  Capo  Chignecto,  in  the 
year  1800." 

The  second  of  the  known  telegraph  hills  was  at  St.  John  near  the 
Martello  tower.    Between  these  two  points  there  must  have  been  others,  but 

1  Mr.  Howe  (Coll.  N.  B.  Hist.  See,  I.,  20). 


T 


1 


[OANOXO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BUUNSWICK 


349 


I  have  not  boon  able  to  lociito  thorn.  Mr.  Howo  spoaU.s  of  one  at  Sux.xox 
Valo,  but  this  would  bo  groatl}-  out  of  lino.  I  huvo  been  t<iM  tbal  Hon 
Lomond  was  one  of  tlioso  hills,  and  also  that  ono  of  the  hills  near  Quaoo 
Head  was  thus  used,  and  thcro  is  a  possibility  that  Porcupino  Mountain, 
near  Mout;t  Tiioobald,  was  one  of  them.  Above  8t.  John,  the  tirst 
on  tho  river  was  just  bae!{  of  Milkish.  It  is  well  known  loeally,  and  is 
called  "Telegraph  Hill."  The  next  was  at  '•  Teloi^'raph  Hill."  lu'low 
Spoon  Island,  the  liill  on  whoso  slojio  stands  the  old  battery  and  block- 
house previously  mentioned  (pp.  275  and  34()).  Between  those  points 
there  must  have  boon  at  least  one  station,  whioh  was  very  probably  on 
Bald  Mountain,  on  the  Kings  and  Queens  boundary,  but  I  am  nni  sure 
of  this.  Nor  can  [  find  any  other  station  above  on  the  river.  Our  histories 
are  silent  as  to  this  system  and  whether  it  ever  came  into  use.  Doubtless 
in  the  military  records  in  l"jig!and  a  full  account  of  it  is  to  bo  found. 

Shortly  after  the  settlement  of  the  Loj-alists,  several  seliools  for  the 
education  of  the  Indians  wore  establisbotl  in  Now  Brunswick  by  tho 
"Society  for  tho  Propagation  of  tho  (iospol  in  Now  Kngland  and  tho 
parts  adjacent  in  America."  The  ])rincipal  of  these  were  near  Wootlstock, 
at  ShetHekl,  and  at  Sussex,  but  there  were  others  at  Frodoricton,  Westliold 
and  Miramielii.  Their  work  was  not  successful,  and  they  were  chwed 
one  after  another,  until  only  that  at  Sussex,  commonly  known  as  tho  Old 
Indian  College,  remained,  and  it  finally  ceased  to  exist  in  lS2iI.  A  full 
account  of  thcsse  schools  is  given  b}'  Ilev.  AV.  O.  liaymond  in  his  •'  New 
Brunswick  Schools  of  the  Olden  Time,"  in  the  "Educational  Eoview," 
18!t3,  vol.  vi,  192,  211,  231,  and  vol.  vii,  7,  2:!,  and  by  .Mr.  Allison  in  his 
"  Eov.  Oliver  Arnold."  According  to  Mr.  Raj-mond  (in  article  (IS  of  his 
series  in  the  '-Woodstock  Dispatch,"  1895)  tho  scliool  near  Woodstock 
stood  in  all  probability  on  .Moductic  Flat,  a  little  below  tho  Old  Fort  (sec 
page  225).  Tho  site  of  that  at  Shoflield  is  unknown  to  me.  The  site  of 
tho  building  at  Sussex  is  described  by  Allison  as  "on  the  northeast  corner 
of  tho  lot  on  which  Trinity  Church  is  now  located,  and  by  the  small 
gate  leading  to  that  building."  It  is  also  located  exactly  (as  the  "  Indian 
College")  on  a  manuscript  map  of  St.  John  and  Kings  counties  in  the 
Crown  Land  Office. 


I 


It 


! 


^ 


5 
f 


fi  ^' 


APPENDIX. 


th 


SuuKCEs  OF  Information. 
Tlio  facts  upon  which  the  present  work  is  founded  arc  drawn  from 


roe  sou 


rces,  which,  in   the  order  of  tlioir  i 


niportance,  are, — jiersoual 


investigation  of  h)culitios,  testimony  of  residents  near  tiie  localities,  and 
documentary  records.  It  will  be  convenient  to  consider  these  in  invor.so 
order. 

No  single  work  lias  yet  attempted  to  cover  this  subject,  Imt  most  of 
tho  papers  upon  our  local  history,  of  which  a  gratifyingly  largo  number 
have  a]>peaivd  within  the  past  few  years,  contain  at  least  roferencos  to  it. 
I  have  tried  to  acknowledge  the  as.sistance  of  all  those  in  their  proper 
places.  Tho  most  complete  account  of  locations  of  historic  sitfs  in  New 
]}runswick  is  that  for  tho  Passamaquoddy  region  in  the  "  Courier  .Series  " 
(see  Bibliograph}'  later),  a  work  ileserving  far  more  permanence  and 
accessibility  than  its  appearance  in  a  newsjiaper  allows.  liev.  "W.  O. 
Jk'aymond.  at  present  Now  Brunswick's  most  active  and  successful  his- 
torical investigator,  gives  duo  attention  to  this  subject  of  historic  sites  in 
most  of  his  writings.  Very  important  are  maps,  particularly  the  largo 
.«cale  original  survey  maps,  of  which  there  are  many  in  the  Crown  Land 
Offlce  at  Fredericton,  and  several  of  particular  value  in  the  Public  IJecord 
Office  and  in  tho  British  Museum  in  London.  It  is  rather  a  remarkable 
fad  about  many  of  the  latter  maps  that  no  copies  flf  them  exist  in  tho 
Crown  Land  OfHco  at  Fredericton,  though  the  maps  whicli  aro  there  are 
in  admirable  order  and  easily  accessible.  For  books  relating  to  tho 
province,  one  turns  naturally  to  the  Legislative  Library  at  Fredericton, 
but  here  he  is  doomed  to  bitter  disappointment.  This  library,  which 
ought  to  be  above  cverj'thing  a  repository  of  books  relating  to  Now 
Brunswick,  really  lacks  such  works  almost  utterl}-,  and  its  chief  useful- 
ness to  tho  historian  consists  in  furnishing  an  illuminating  example  of 
what  a  Legislative  Library  ought  not  to  be.  The  works  consulted  in  such 
studies  as  this  must  therefore  bo  sought  in  libraries  abroad. 

Very  many  of  the  facts  in  this  paper  have  been  obtained  from  resi- 
dents near  the  sites  described,  and  such  assistance  has,  I  think,  always  boon 
acknowledged  in  tho  proper  place.  I  wish,  however,  among  these  corres- 
]iondents  to  mention  particularly  Rev.  J.  E.  Doucet,  of  L'Amoc,  Mr.  S.  0. 
W.  Chapman,  of  Dorchester,  and  Mr.  D.  Lewis,  of  Escuminac.  Tt  is  really 
surjirising  to  find  how  willing  most  men  aro  to  respond  to  inquiries  con- 


■     \' 


:  } 
:  I 

I  f 

! 

I 


\ 


mmm 


352 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


corning  historical  matters  ;  and  it  shows  an  unexpectedly  widc-spi'ead  in- 
terest in  such  matters  and  as  widcly-sjn-ead  courtesy.  I  have  also  had 
assistance  at  many  points  from  Mr.  Thos.  G.  Loggio,  of  the  Crown  Land 
Otfice,  from  Rev.  W.  O.  Haymond,  Mr.  James  Vroom,  Mr.  W.  C.  Milnor, 
Mr.  Victor  M  Paltsits,  and  from  others  too  many  to  mention,  to  all  of 
whom  I  wish  to  express  my  oest  thanks. 

In  the  introduction  to  this  paper  I  pointed  out  the  necessity  tor 
personal  investigation  of  localities  in  such  a  subject  as  ihis.  Xearh'  every 
site  of  importance  described  in  this  work  I  have  visited  and  examined.  The 
only  important  part  of  New  Brunswick  I  have  not  visited  is  Miscou  anil 
Shippegan  ;  and,  ha]>pily,  for  that  region  I  have  had  the  assistance  of  one 
of  the  most  valued  of  my  correspondents,  Rev.  J.  R.  Doucet.  There  are, 
of  course,  many  sites  of  great  local  interest  which  are  hardly  important 
enough  to  come  within  the  scope  of  this  paper  ;  and  there  is  attractive 
opportunity  in  many  parts  of  Xew  Brunswick  for  the  construction  of 
archioological  maps  much  more  detailed  than  those  in  this  work.  This 
is  particularly  a  field  workable  by  local  students, 'and  it  is  commended 
to  teachers  and  others  in  Xew  J3runswick  who  have  opp'>nunity  and 
taste  for  historical  pursuils. 

The  sources  of  all  of  the  maj,..  in  this  work  ore  acknowledged  in  the 
explanations  except  in  the  case  of  the  historical  maps.  Of  these,  the  four 
large  majis  of  the  periods  (i.e.,  Xos.  12,  30,  45  and  4(J)  were  all  drawn 
from,  and  of  the  size  of,  Wilkinson's  map,  and  are  reduced  in  engraving  to 
less  than  one-fourth.  Since  they  were  drawn  some  slight  corrections 
have  been  found  needful,  as  follows:  In  Xo.  45,  Township  of  Xewton 
should  read  Xewtown.  'Ihe  8eigniory  assigned  to  Martignon  north  of 
(irand  Lake  on  Xo.  3il,  and  also  on  page  oOU,  is  doubtless  a  mistake  ;  I 
tind  the  expression  "  (louverneur  et  proprietaire  de  la  Riviere  St.  .lean 
depuia  la  Riviere  di>  Maquo  jusiiu'  aux  mines  aux  dit  i)ais  de  I'Acadic 
.  .  .  plus  de  50  lieues  de  front,"  applies  not  to  Martignon,  but  to 
La  Tour  himself,  and  refers  to  his  great  grant  of  1()5G.  Hence  the 
"  mines  "  would  be  at  the  head  ot  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  River 
Maquo  would  be  some  river  in  Maine.  In  Xo.  46,  a  part  of  the  lands 
around  St.  ,lohn  should  be  dotted  to  show  persistent  pre-Loj-alist  grants, 
whoso  extent  nuvy  be  determined  from  Mr,  Riiyniontl's  articles  and  maps 
referred  u)  earlier  on  page  3.i3.  On  map  Xo.  4(),  the  number  07  is 
accidentally  duplicated,  as  explained  on  l>ago  343.  As  to  the  other 
historical  ma[is,  the  sources  are  as  follows.  Most  of  the  older  maps 
mentioned  are  full}'  described  in  the  preceding  monograph. 

No.  24— Isthmus  of  Chignccto.    Toi>(iy;ra^,!i,\  irom  SU'ckel's  map  nl'  1S74. 
Karlier  maps  cuntaining  information  are  : 
Map  if  the  Istlnuus  liy  Franiiuet,  17")L'.     (Map  Xo.  L'li  of  tills  work). 
riau  de  L'Isthine  de  L'Acadie.     Paris,  177'.t,  l)ut  belonging  to  17')r). 
.     A  I/U'ge  and  I'artirniar  Plan  of  Skcgnekio  P^ay.     Ijondon,  I7r>5. 


m 


[fANOXO] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


353 


Map  of  tlio  Uasoii  ni  Chifiiioctdii  and  its  Ijuirons  in  Nuva  Scotia,  Fioni  a 
Fronc'li  drauglit,  Cajif.  Lewis'  Survey  of  llic  voa<l  to  I'.ay  Verti',  I'to., 
17")."i.     ;Ms.  in  jiosscssion  of  Mr.  F.  Allison  of  Sackvilli'. 

^laj)  of  tli(!  Istlinius  in  "  Mt'nioirs  siir  le  Canada,''  ahont  IT')"). 

Fort  Ri>ausi''jour  and  the  adjawnt  contitry  ...  in  I7.").'>.  In  Maine's 
History  of  tlie  late  war  in  .\nierica. 

Part  of  Ma;)  of  N'ov.i  Scotia  or  Aca<lie.     r>y('a|il.  ^[ontresor.     London.  ITiW. 

There  is  also  in  the  British  Miisemn  a  plan  of  tlie  Isthmus  of  about  !7">')  by 
Winekworlh  Tonjre,  i)Ut  this  I  have  not  seen. 

Survey  of  tlie  Isthmus  in  ls:;7,  l)y('lias.  MeCunly.  Ms.  in  Crown  Laud 
Olhee.  The  I'lansof  the  Isthmus  made  by  Minnette  LS22  ;  Hall,  iS-'i, 
and  by  Crawley,  184;',  in  eonnt'etiou  with  surveys  foi'  a  liaie  X'erte 
Canal,  are  missing  from  the  Crown  I,und  Ollice  and  from  the  I'ublio 
Works  Pe|)artnient,  Ottawa,  to  which  they  were  loaned. 
No.  33— Miraraichi.     To])o^ra])hy  from  an  .Vdmiralty  ehart.  Facts  from. lumeaii, 

KiS"),   I'raiKiuelin,   IfiSO,  and  the  Siu'vey  may  of   1754,  all  re])roduced  in  the 

precedinu' Monoirraph  of  this  series.     ^lii'hean's  map  of   17S."),  mentioned  on 

liasje  Ulii)  is  valuable  for  later  history. 
No.  34 — Miscou  and  Shippegan.     Toi)o;;raphy  from  the  (ieolo^dcal  Survey  ma]) 

and  the  Admiralty  Chart.     I'acts  from  .(umeau,  Kis'i,  and   Francpielin.  IC.Mi, 

and  from  Survey  map  of  .Miscou,  by  West,  I.sl'O,  and  of  shippeiran,  by  liar- 
ley,  ls;',().     j'.oth  are  Ms.  in  the  Crown  Land  Ollice.      Oilier  facts  have  !  von 

<.'i\en  me  by  Rev.  J.  R.  Hoiicet,  of  L'.Vmec. 
No.  35 — Bathurst.     Topoirra|)hy  from  a  survey  ma[)  in  the  I'nblic  Works  Ollice, 

Ottaw'i.     I'\icts  from  the  Survey  map  ai mpanyiujj  (.Joold's  (iralit  of  17S4, 

l)ublished  (with  additions)  in  Coll.  X.  15.  Hist,  ^oc  II..  i:.'7.     l)eny>'  map  of 

l<i7L'  is  very  innierfei't. 
No.  36— Restigouche.     Topoj;rai)hy  from  the  Survey  map  in  the  Crown   Land 

(Mlice.     There  appear  to  l)e  no  earlier  historical   maps  of  impoi'tance,  the 

French  charts  of  177S  hardly  luUini;  in  this  pari. 
No.  37 — St.  John.    Topoirraphy  from  I'.rnce,   17iil. 
I'larlier  maps  are  : 

Maj)  of  the  Harbor  by  Champlain.  bi:tl. 

Chart  of  ih,'  Harbor,  by  linice,  17td,  mentioned  abo\e. 

Chart  of  the  laitrance  to  thi'  River  St.  .lohn,  by  Desliarres,  I77<>. 

I'laii  de  la  Fori  de  la  Riviere  Saint  .lean,   I'aiis,  177'.L 

I'lan  of  I'arrTown.  by  Paul  I'.edell,  17s;!.     Ms.  in  Cinwn  Land  Ollice. 

Flan  of  the  Ciiy  and  Harbiir  of  Si.  .loliii,  from  an  actual  Survey  taken  in  the 
year  17st.     I'.y  Rnl)erl  Morse  (?) 

MoUlh  of  llie    l;i\er  Si.  .lolm.  by  .\.   Lockwood.    ISIS. 

Map  of  the  (  iiy  of  Saiiil  .iuhii,  N.F...  by  Cliaile-'  Whitney.  lSL'.">.  .Ms.  in 
(row  n  Land  ( tlliee. 

Plan  of  the  City  and  Harbor  of  St.  .lohn,   .\.l'..,   by  ('mmin;,diam.       lloston, 

is:;-"). 

The  Admiralty  Chars. 

Ho.  38  — Fredcricton.    Topoiiraphy  from  ilie  Sur\ey  map.    There  are  i special 

hisiorical  maps  of  this  re^^iou,  olhii'  than  those  of  .Morris,  f^iveii  earlier.  No. 
17,  and  some  i)laii.s  in  the  Crown  Land  ( )Hice,  iiicludiufi;  the  orij.'iiial  plan  of 
Fi'ederii''.on,  of    I7S(),    by   I  >.   Camp!)ell.     To  this  ma]i  I  be   word    Omidlinri/ 


should  be  addedaloiiLT  wilh  Fredericti 


id  (heTi 


w  nsni] 


hip  of  .V 


I  iititli  shou 


l.l 


read  .V.  n-ln 


d  its  date  should  be  17iiS. 


f 

\  I 

ij 

\ 


.V.-.L  ia.r.iua9K 


384 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


No.  40— Pdssamaquoddy.    Ti)po^:rai)hy  from  the  Admiralty  Chart.    Tlie  name 

Mun-inlDini  (should  appear  with  St.  Stephen. 
Earlier  \\v,\\Ki  are  .• 
Charts  hy  Desbarres. 
Cliamplain's  Plan  of  l(i04. 

Plan  t)y  Sonthac'k,  M'X't,  in  these  Transaction:^,  new  ser.  III.,  ii.,  367. 
Plan  l)y  .Morris,  of  17()."». 
Plan  of  the  Coast  from  the  West  pa.«sage  of  Passamqnoddy  Bay  to  the  Kiver 

St.  John.     P.y  AVrifjlit,  1772. 
.V  slceteh  of  Passamaquoddy  with  the  adjacent  rivers,  17.S(>,  Ms.  by  Joiin 

Allan. 
Plan  of  17!l7,  by  David  Owen,  jriven  earlier  in  this  work,  pane  2<)7. 
Plan  of  Canipobello  and  other  islands  contiirnoiis,  1S:!U. 
Mitehel's  map  (jf  Passannvpioddy  of  17tJ4  is  in  the  Public  Pecord  Otlice,  but 

I  have  not  seen  it. 


Bibliography  and  CARToauAnY. 

Following  is  a  list  of  the  various  works,  manuscnpts,  maps,  etc.,  men- 
tioned more  than  once  in  the  preceding  pages.  Works  mentioned  but  once 
are  cited  in  full  at  the  time.  Since  the  descriptions  are  here  given  for  the 
purpo.so  of  enabling  others  to  locate  the  works,  they  are  made  only  full 
enough  for  tluit  purpose,  and  no  attempt  is  made  at  Bibliographical  com- 
pleteness. 


A. — Books,  Ms.,  etc. 


Ai.i.AX,  .T.     .journal.     See  Kidder. 

Ai.i.isox,  L.     The  Ut'v.  ( )liver  Arnold.     St.  Jolm,  1.S02. 

AntnivKs.     The  Annual  Keiwrts  on  Canadian  Archives,  Ottawa. 

PAti.Kv,  L.  W.     On  the  Relics  of  the  Stone  A<;e  in  New  Brunswick.     Bull.  Nat. 

Hist.  Soc.  of  N.  B.,  VI.,  :!. 
Baii.dv,  ,1.  AV.     The  St.  .lolin  Kiver.     Cambridy;e,  :Mass.,  1S!I4. 
l)Aiiii),  S.  F.     Notes  on  A)>ori).dnal  Shell  Mounds  on  the  Coast  of  New  Brunswick 

and  of  New  lOugland.     Proc,  V.  S.  Nat.  Mus.,  ISSl'. 
P>i:i.i.i\,  N.     Ivemaripies  Sur  la  Carte  de  rAm('ri([ue  Sei)tentrionale.     Paris,  17.'i."'). 
BoicUETri-:,  .1.     xV  Topographical  Dictionary  of  Lower  Canada.     London,  LS82. 
BHoi>in;\n.     Docmuents  rclatin;.'   to   the    Colonial   History  of   New  York.     New 

York. 
BiucK,    U.    G.     lieport  (Letter)  on  cleared  lands  on  the  St.   John.  1701.     Ms.  in 

Public  Record  ( )tlice, 
Cadu.i.ac,  La  .AIotmi:.     Document  of  l(ii)2.    In  P.rodhead's  Documents,  IX.,  .")4S. 
Caktikh,  jAcQfics.     Relation  originale  du  Voyage  an  Canada  en  l-">.')4.     Paris,  ISd". 
Chami'i.ain',  Sami'ei,  dk.     Voyages.     Paris,  l<il2  and  1():>2.     tiuebec  I'ld.,  1S70. 
Cuu«u,  B.     Ivistern  Kxi)editions.     In  Drake's  History  of  Phillip's  War,  Boston, 

I.S27.     .\lso  edition  of  18(17  by  Dexter. 
C'A.Mi'oDisi.i.o  Pai'EUS.     Journal  of  Captain  William  Owen.     Collections  N.  B.  Hist. 

Soc.  I.,  1!«,  and  II.,  S. 


[GA^o^G] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  NEW  BRUNSWICK 


3SS 


CiH)NEY,   R.     Ilisiiirv  ni  Nortlu'i-ii  Now  15nins\vick;  and  (iaspi''.     Halifax,    1S3-' ; 

Cliatliaiii,   l.s'.>S. 
Courier  yKiuics.     A  iSeries  of  articles  on  the  History  of  the  PassiiniaqntaUly  ivgion 

which  appeareil  in  the  "  St.  Croix  Courier"  in  ISirj  to  IWI."). 
Dk.nys,   Nicolas.     D.'scription  (ieo^'raphiiiue  de  rAin<5ri(nie  Septentrionale,  I'ari^, 

1(172. 
Dioxxi;,  N.  E.     ^riscou  ;  honinies  ile  nier,  et  hoinnies  de  Dieu.     Le  Canada  Frau- 

(,ais,  ISSll. 
FiCVTiiEusoxiLVidii  AXi)  Mi'ooE.     Report  Oil   the  Northeastern  Boundary.     ]'>ritish 

J51ue-book  of  lSt(t. 
Fka.ncji'et.     Iteport  upon  the  forts,  etc.,  of  Acadia,  17"i2-17">4.  ^Fs.  in  Paris  ;  copios 

at  Ottawa,  (Juehec  and  Frederictoii. 
Gaxoxc;,  W.   !•'.     I'lace-Xonieuclature  of  New  Rrunswick.-    These  Trans.,  second 

ser.,  II.,  ii.,  I7'>. 

Carlo^jrajihy  of  New  l^>runswick.     These  Trans.,  second  ser..  III.,  ii.,  .'11.'!. 
CiE.sxEi!,  A.     New  l>ninswick.     London,  lS4'.t. 

Five  Reports  on  the  (Jeology  of  New  Brunswick.     Freilerictoii,   is;)'.t-ls44. 
GoKDox,    A.    II.      ^Vilderness   .lourueys.      St.    .loliii,    18(14.     Also     in    "Vacation 

Tourists.'' 
(lYi.Es,  John.     Menioii-s  of  ( »d(l  Adventures,  etc.     I'>oston,  I7;!(>.     Cincinnati,  ISd'.l. 
Heku.max.     a   series  of  articles  on  the  History  of  Restigouche.     rrinted  in  the  St. 

John  "  Sun  "  in  ISSI}. 
Hixi),  H.  Y.     I'reliininary  Report  on  the  (ieology  of  New  Rruiiswick.    I'rcderic- 

ton,  1S()."). 
HiiiiiAiU),  L.  L.     Woods  and  Lakes  of  .Maine.     I'xistoii.  |S,S4. 

Hii.i.vi.,  R.  (r.     The  Rhode  Island  iMiiiufration  to  Nova  Scotia.     Narrairansett  His- 
torical Ke.u:ister,  ISS'.t. 
KiDDKu,  \\     ^lilitary  Operations  in   Ivistern  .Maine  ami  .No\a  Scotia  during  tiie 

Revolution.     -Vlhany,  ISd?.    Contains  the  .lournal  aiKhnJiur  writings  of  Cnl. 

John  -Mian,  1777  and  later. 
Kei.eiiki!,  T.     I'icld  Book  of   Survey  of  Onlnunce  Jjamls  at  St.  John,  1S4S.     Ms.  in 

Crown  Land  ()Hice  at  Frederictoii. 
Kii,iiV,\\'.     lOast port  and  lV>aniaqiioddy.      l\asiport.  I.SSS. 

LixAKiiOT,  M.      Ilistoirede  la  Nouvelle  France.     Paris,  l(ii)'.t-l(llL'.    Paris  Hd.,  ISim. 
LECi.Eitiii,  C.     Nouvelle  Ri'latioii  de  la  (ia-pesie.      Paii-^,  hi'.U. 
LoitiMER,  J.  (i.     Ilistorv  of  the  Islands  and    IsK-ts  of  the  l>ay  of  Fuiidy,  Chaildite 

County.     .^I.  Slt'phen,  Is7(l. 
M  \i!  1:1.,  (i.      IJeproductions  de  Carti's  et  de  Cldhcs.     Paris,  \i<'.y.\. 
Maksi'on.  B.     niary.  178")  and  later.     Ms.  in  iiossosion  (}f   Ue\-  W.  O.  Paymond. 

Published  in  part  in  Coll.  N.  B.  Hist.  Sue.,  H. 
Ml  I'vui.ANi:.  W.  (i.     Fredericton.     A  series  of  historical  articles.     .<t.  John  .'-^ini, 

IS'.L'. 
^Ii:\ioiim:s  sir  t.i:  Canada,  I74i)  to  17(id.     Puhlishcd  by  the  Literary  and  Historical 

Society  of  Quebec,  IS.'tS. 
Mi'.MOKiAi.s  OF  iiiio  l']N(ii.isii  AXI)  Frkxcii  Com m iss A uies  < 'oS(  i:i;m xo  pu e  Limii's  of 

Nova  Sioti a.     London,  l7o">. 
Mii.NKi!,  W.  C.     .\  sketch  of  the  I'^arly   History/if  .-Jackville,  N.    B.     Chigiiecto 

Post,  .\iini\('rsary  Nund)er,  Sei)t.,  l.S<i.">. 
MnvuEi.,   .1.     I'ield-Boiik    of  a  Survey  of  Passaiiuupioddy,  17(jt.     My.   in  Libi'ary 

of  the  .Maine  Histoiical  Societv. 


'  'i 


t 


336 


ROYAL  SOCIETY  OF  CANADA 


^I(iN(KTr)N,  K.     Rt'iiort  of  the  rronueiliiijr."  of  tlie  Troops  on  the  Expedition  np  St. 

Joliu's  River  in  the  Bay  of  Eiindy,  175S.    :Ms.  in  the  I'nblie  Heeord  Otlice. 
MoiisK,  R.     Keport  on  Novu  Seotia.     Archives,  1S,S4,  XXN'II. 
jMoukis,  Chas.      Jieport  on  the  Snrve\'  of  the  Jiiver  St.  Julin  and  of  the  Coast 

tiience  to  l'assania(iuoddy.     17().").     ^[s.  in  I'ldjhe  Kecurd  Olliee. 
^Ir.NKo,  A.     On  the  Physical  Features  and  (ieolojry  of  Ciiigneetu  Istiniins.     Bull. 
Nat.  Hist,  sdc,  N.  B.,  V.  20. 

Tlie  Istlinins  of  Cliifinecto.     Series  of  articles  in  tlie  Ciiiirneeto  Post.     3hiy, 
ISKi. 
MiNito,  J.     I)escri])tion  of  the  Hi  ver  St.  John's,  etc.     Archives,  l.S'.M,  2."). 
I'akkman  ^Is.     Several  volumes  of  copies  of  inii)ortant  documents.    In  the  Library 

oftlie^Iass.  Historical  Society. 
ri;i!i.KV,  'SI.     lieport  oji  Indian  Affairs,  1S41.  In  .lournal  of  the  House  of  Assembly 

of  New  Hruiiswick,  1.S44. 
I'mnsis,  Mill!.     Journal.     In  Le  Foyer  ('inaiiii'n,  III.,  ISii"). 
I'oTi:,  ('apt.  W.M.     Journal.     Edited  by  Victor  H.  I'altsits.     N»'\v  York,  LSilO. 
(iiKHKc  MAxrseitii-rs.     Collection  de  .Alanuscrits     ....     relaiil' a  la  N'ouvelle 

France.     (Quebec  ;  4  vols.,  ISSIMSS."). 
IiAMKAf  Die  SAisr-Fkiii;.     Fne  Colonic  feodale  en    Auieriipie,  2  vols.     Montreal, 

ISS'.I. 

Kavmom),  \V.  O.     T1<'>  Old  :\Ieductic  Fort.     Coll.  X.  B.  Hist.  Soc,  I.,  221. 

Tlie  North  Shore.     Coll.  X.  M.  Hist.  Soc,  II.,  SI. 
Hi::.ATio.vs  ok  thk  .Ii>iUiT-i.     Cincinnati,  ISlMi-lilOl),  in  over  (il)  vols. 
l!i:i'oi!T  OF  1S2.5.     Iicport  of  all  tlu'  Barracks,  Hatteries,  Block-liouses  and  other 

(iovernuient  liuiidings  in  ilie  Province  of  Xew  Brunswick,  1S2.5.    Ms.  in 

possession  of  Mr.  AVin.  ]Min'docli,  St.  John,  X.B. 

TlKTIKN    OF    17S:!    OF   TUE    I.NIi AlUrANTS    ON    TIIF    UlVFH    St.  JoUX.       Coll.    X.    P>.     Ilist. 
Soc,   I.,   1(H). 

S.MKTiriKsT,  (t.     A  Narrative  of  an  Extraordinary  Escape  out  of  the  Hands  of  the 

Indians  in  the  (iiilf  of  St.  Lmvrence.     Lmdon,  1774. 
Sr.  \'Ai.ii:ii.     I'^t at  present  de  L'Ei,'lise,  etc.     Paris,  1(58.'^;  Quebec,  is.>ii. 
\'ii.i.i:mos-.     Diai-y.     Parts  are  in  Ms.  in  the  Boston  Public  Library. 
Wai!1),    10.     An  Account  of  the   Uiver  St.  John,   with  its  Tributary   Rivers  and 

Lakes.      Fredericton,  1S41. 
WiNsoK,  .1.     Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  America.     S  vols.    Boston. 

Ji. — Maps. 

A  full  d esc I'ip live  li.st  of  New  IJi-unswick  niap3  is  cjtitainod  in  the 
pi'oeeding  MonoLjraph  of  tlii-!  .series.  Following  are  tho.so  mentioned 
several  tinios  in  this  worlc.  The  maps  of  small  sections  are  already  men- 
tioned in  the  preceding  pages.  All  "  plans"  referred  to  in  the  work  are 
in  tlio  Crown  Land  Office  at  Fredericton.  The  numbers  in  braclcets 
utter  the  titles  give  the  page  of  the  Cartography  on  which  reproductions 
may  be  found. 

1H12.  Cbami)lain,   Sanaiel  de.     Carte  (ieograpliiqne  de  la  Xouvelle  frauce  [o-")!]. 

In  bis  "  Voya^'es."     Also  anolhei'  of  hil;!. 
1();52.  Ciiamplain,  Carte  ile  la  Xouvelle  france  [.")')2].     In  his  "  Voyages." 
^      KitiO.  Creuxius.    Tabula  Xovie  Franciie  [.'!o(j).     In  his  "  I  listeria  Canulensis." 


-Vi 


to  [;5.-,i]. 


[g\nokg] 


HISTORIC  SITES  IN  KEW  BRUNSWICK 


357 


j- 


liiso.  Jmueau,  E.     La  jriando  bayo  do  S.  laureiw  [.'!();!].     Ms.  in  Paris. 

1GS().  Franqnt'lin-Pe  Meiilk'H.    Carte  CJeralle  dn  Voyage  que  Monsr.  De  MeuUes 

...     a  fait     •    .     .     [:i(i4].     :\Is.  in  Paris. 
l()!li'.  Lo  Clercq,  Clir.     Carte  fieiieraik'  do  la  Nniivollo  Fraiioo.     Ms.  in  Paris. 
17(is.  Fraiiquoiin,  J.  P.  L.     Carto  t:onorallo  do  la  XouvoUo  France.     In  MarcolV 

Atla,<!,  No.  40. 
1733.  Southack,  C.     An  actual  survey  of  the  sea-coast  from  New  York  to  the  I. 

Capo  Prit(jn  [IJtJ?].     London. 
1744.  Bollin,  N.     Carte  de  la  Partie  Oriental  do  la  Nouvolle  France  on  du  Canada 

[373].     In  Charlevoix,   "  Ilistoire."     Other  maps  of  1744,174.^,  ]7.>'),  17.")7, 

by  him. 
17411.  3Iorris,  C     Drauf;lit  of  the  Nt)rtliern  English  Colonies,   in  "  Captain  Poto's 

.Journal." 
17')'i.  ( iroon-.Tofferys.     A  new  map  of  Nova  Scotia  [.')7i'].     Loiukjii. 
17')S.  Morris,  C     Sketch  of  St.  John's  Harbor  and  a  part  of  River  [.'tUO].     Accom- 
panies liis  report  in  Public  Record  Oflice. 
17('>"i.  Morris,  C.     A  Plan  of  the  River  St.  Johns  and  Pa.ssamoquoddy  Bay.    iMs.  in 

Public  Record  Ollico.     Many  later  editions. 
17.s:!.  Poachy,  J.    Plan  of  the  River  St.  John.    :Ms.  in  British  ^luseum  [:]!t:i], 

founded  on  a  map  by  Cajit.  Jos.  Peach,  made  in  17tH,  but  now  ajiparontly 
lost. 
17SI).  Plan  of  the  Soutliwesteru  part  of  Now  Brunswick.     Ms.  [in  Public  Record 

Otiice.     Very  valuable  map. 
17it>.  Titcomb,    S.    A   Plan   of  the    longtli   of   the   River  Scoodic.     Ms.  in  :\Iass. 

Archives. 
1797.  Hodden  and  Campbell.     Plan  of  the   River  ^Nlajraguadavic.     Ms.  in  Libraiy 

Mass.  Hist.  Soc. 
ISi'il.  Bomior,  Thos.     A  now  map  of  the  Province  of  Now  Brunswick.     London. 
IS'Jil.  Lockwood.  A.     A  map  of  Now  lirunswick.     Limdon. 
1^:>I.   Hiiuchette,  J.     Map   of  the  Provinces   of   I'pjior  and  Lower  Canada,  etc. 

London. 
Is'.'d.  P)aillio  and  Kendall,     ^hqi  of  Now  Brunswick.     London. 
Is,")!).  AVilkinson,  J.     Map  of  the  British  Province  of  New  Brunswick.     London. 
1SS.'>.  Lojrgio,  Thos.  G,     Map  of  the  Province  of  Now  Brnnwick.    London. 

IS'li)  1    ^^^eological  Survey  ^Mafis.     Issued  by  the  ( Joological  Survey  of  Canada. 


in  the 
Intioneil 
ly  mon- 
[ork  are 
Irackets 
luctions 


Aduknda. 

Page  ■_'72,  lino  ;>,  after  No.  37,  add  :  A  plan  in  the  City  Chamberlain's  r)flice  in  St. 

John  is  said  to  mark  the  site  of  an  "old  French  burial  ground"  near  Fort 

Frock^'ick. 
Pago  347,   near  bottom,  after  iladawaska,  add  :  A  contemporary  description  of 

this  block-house  is  given  in  Lanman,  Adventures  in  the  Wilds  of  the  United 

States  and  Canada,  IS.iCi,  I,.  ;?()('.,  3t17. 


Iisis.